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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: Anatomy
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Study of human structure
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Define: Physiology
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Study of human function
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Define: Pathology
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Study of disease
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Define: Atom
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Smallest non-living unit
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Define: Molecules
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Atoms bound together
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Define: Cells
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Smallest living unit
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Define: Tissues
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Group of cells
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Define: Organs
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Group of tissues
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What are the levels of organization?
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Atom
Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism |
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What are the 11 organ systems?
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Cardiovascular
Nervous Digestive Endocrine Reproductive Urinary Skeletal Muscular Respiratory Lymphatic/Immune Integumentary |
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Define: Frontal Plane
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Vertical plane that divides body into front and back.
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Define: Transverse Plane
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Horizontal plane that divides body into top and bottom.
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Define: Sagittal Plane
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Vertical plane that divides body into right and left.
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Define: Dorsal
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Back side
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Define: Ventral
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Belly side
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Define: Posterior
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Backward
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Define: Anterior
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Forward
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Define: Superior
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Up
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Define: Inferior
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Down
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Define: Medial
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Toward middle
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Define: Lateral
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Toward outside
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Define: Proximal
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Near
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Define: Distal
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Far
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Define: Superficial
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Toward outside of the body
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Define: Deep
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Toward inside of the body
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What is in the axial region of the body?
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Head and spine
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What is in the appendicular region of the body?
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Upper and lower extremities
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What cavities are within the dorsal cavity?
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Cranial and vertebral cavity
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What is in the cranial cavity?
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Brain
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What is in the vertebral cavity?
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Spinal cord
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What divides the ventral cavity?
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Diaphragm
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What cavities are within the ventral cavity?
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Thoracic/Thorax/Chest Cavity
Abdominopelvic/Abdomen |
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What two areas are within the thoracic cavity and what is in them?
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Pleura (lungs)
Mediastinum (heart) |
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What is this region of the abdomen called?
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Umbilical Region
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What is this region of the abdomen called?
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Epigastric Region
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What is this region of the abdomen called?
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Hypogastric Region
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What is this region of the abdomen called?
X | | X ----------- | | ----------- | | |
Hypochondriac Regions
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What is this region of the abdomen called?
| | ----------- X | | X ----------- | | |
Lumbar Regions
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What is this region of the abdomen called?
| | ----------- | | ----------- X | | X |
Iliac/Inguinal Regions
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Define: Homeostasis
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The body's ability to stay the same (maintain internal equilibrium)
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Define: Metabolism
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All the chemical reactions in the body
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Name and describe the two types of metabolism.
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Catabolism (breaking down)
Anabolism (building up) |
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Define: Prone
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Laying down belly down
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Define: Supine
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Laying down belly up
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Define: Negative feedback
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Feedback in opposite phase with (decreasing) the input
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What are some examples of negative feedback?
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Body temperature and glucose level
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Define: Positive feedback
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In a system, those changes which serve to increase the effect
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What are some examples of positive feedback?
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Blood clotting and child birth
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Define: Matter
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Anything that occupies space
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Define: Element
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Pure substance that can't be broken down into anything else; Consists of one kind of atom
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Define: Subatomic particles
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Protons (+), Neutrons, and Electrons (-)
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Define: Compound
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2 or more different atoms bound together
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What is the difference between an organic and inorganic compound?
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An organic compound contains carbon. An inorganic compound does not contain carbon.
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Define: Atomic number
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Number of protons and electrons
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Define: Atomic mass
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Number of protons and number of neurons
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What are the most common human elements?
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(H) Hydrogen
(O) Oxygen (N) Nitrogen (C) Carbon |
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How many electrons fill the inner shell of an atom when full?
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2
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How many electrons fill the outer shell of an atom when full?
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8
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Define: Ionic bond
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One atom transfers its electron(s) to another atom
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What is a cation?
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A positive ion
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What is an anion?
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A negative ion
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Define: Covalent bond
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One atom shares electrons with another
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How many bonds does Hydrogen require?
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1
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How many bonds does Oxygen require?
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2
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How many bonds does Nitrogen require?
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3
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How many bonds does Carbon require?
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4
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What is a non-polar covalent bond?
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A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally and there are no poles (charges)
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally with one positive and one negative pole
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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A bond that connects 2 polar molecules with the positive pole of one attracted to the negative pole of another
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What are the 6 properties of water?
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Surface tension
High heat capacity - thermal stability High evaporative heat loss Solvent Very reactive Cushioning (CSF, etc.) |
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Differentiate between hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
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Hydrophilic - dissolves in water
Hydrophobic - cannot dissolve in water |
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What do salts do in water?
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Dissolve and dissociate into ions
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Define: Acid
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A substance that donates a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water
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Define: Base
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A substance that accepts a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water
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What chemical reaction results in producing chemical compounds and water?
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Synthesis/Anabolic Reactions/Dehydration Synthesis
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What chemical reaction results in breaking chemical reactions by interacting with water?
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Decomposition/Catabolic Reactions/Hydrolysis
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Define: Monomer
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One unit
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Define: Dimer
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Two units
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Define: Polymer
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Many units
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What is a chemical equation demonstrating dehydration synthesis?
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Monomer 1 + Monomer 2 --> Dimer + Water
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What is a chemical equation demonstrating hydrolysis?
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Dimer + Water --> Monomer 1 + Monomer 2
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What is the chemical equation for carbohydrates?
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CH2O
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Name three monosaccharides.
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Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose
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Name three disaccharides.
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Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose
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How is maltose formed?
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Glucose + Glucose --> Maltose + Water (via dehydration synthesis)
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How is sucrose formed?
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Fructose + Glucose --> Sucrose + Water (via dehydration synthesis)
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How is lactose formed?
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Galactose + Glucose --> Lactose + Water (via dehydration synthesis)
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What is a polysaccharide?
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Polymer of glucose
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Name three polysaccharides and where they are found.
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Glycogen - stored in human muscle and liver
Starch - plants Cellulose - plants |
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Name three lipids.
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Triglycerides (fats)
Phospholipids Steroids |
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What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?
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What are three types of fatty acids?
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Saturated, Monounsaturated, and Polyunsaturated
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What is the structure of a fatty acid?
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What is the chemical equation that demonstrates how triglycerides are formed?
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Glycerol + 3 fatty acids --> triglyceride + 3 Water
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What chemical equation illustrates dehydration synthesis?
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Monomer 1 + Monomer 2 --> Dimer + Water
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What chemical equation illustrates hydrolysis?
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Dimer + Water --> Monomer 1 + Monomer 2
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What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
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What are the 3 monosaccharides and what is their chemical makeup?
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Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose
6(CH2O) |
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Glucose + Glucose --> __________ + Water
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Maltose
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Fructose + Glucose --> __________ + Water
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Sucrose
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Galactose + Glucose --> __________ + Water
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Lactose
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What is a polysaccharide?
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Polymer of glucose
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What are 3 polysaccharides and where are they found?
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Glycogen (human muscle & liver)
Starch (plants) Cellulose (plants) |
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What are the 3 types of lipids?
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Triglycerides (fat)
Phospholipids Steroids |
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What are the 3 fatty acids and what differentiates them?
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Saturated fatty acid - all single bonds
Monounsaturated fatty acid - one double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acid - more than one double bond |
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Glycerol + 3 fatty acids --> __________
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Triglyceride + 3 water
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Glycerol + 2 fatty acids --> __________
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Diglyceride + 2 Water
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Glycerol + 1 fatty acid --> ___________
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Monoglyceride + 1 water
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1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group --> ____________
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Phospholipid + 3 Water
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What is cholesterol?
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A steroid used to synthesize other steroids
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What are some steroids?
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Testosterone
Estrogen Progesterone Vitamin D Bile Salts Cortisone Aldosterone |
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What is the structure of cholesterol?
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Four interlocking steroid rings
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What is the structure of an amino acid?
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Amino Acid + Amino Acid --> _________
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Dipeptide + Water
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Dipeptide + Amino Acid --> __________
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Tripeptide + Water
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10 amino acids -->
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Decapeptide + 9 Water
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Name and define the 4 levels of protein structure.
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Primary - sequence of amino acids that form a polypeptide chain
Secondary - Hydrogen bonds within the molecule (between O and H) cause pleats or helices Tertiary - 3D structure resulting from hydrophilic R groups going to the outside and hydrophobic R groups going to inside Quaternary - exists when there are more than 1 polypeptide chain |
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What is an enzyme?
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A catalyst that lowers activation energy required for a reaction to occur
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Define: Cell
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The smallest living thing
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Define: Cell Theory
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All living thing consist of cells
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Define: Nuclear Envelope
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Specialized membrane with nuclear pores
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Define: Chromatin
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DNA and proteins (unwound) during interphase
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Define: Chromosomes
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DNA and proteins (condensed) during mitosis
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What must occur before mitosis?
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Chromosome Duplication/DNA Replication
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What is DNA?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid; polymer of nucleotides
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What makes up a nucleotide?
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Phosphate, Sugar, Base
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What are the four bases present in DNA?
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Adenine
Thymine Guanine Cytosine |
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How do the four bases in DNA pair up?
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A <--> T
G <--> C |
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What is a chromatid?
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One side of a duplicated chromosome
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What is ATP?
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A nucleotide (adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates)
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What is the process of DNA replication?
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1. DNA unwinds
2. DNA polymerase - enzyme 3. Semiconservative replication - base pairing creates new strand |
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Define: Transcription
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DNA is used to make RNA
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What is RNA?
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Ribonucleic Acid; Polymer of nucleotides
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What are 2 differences between DNA and RNA?
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RNA is single stranded, while DNA is double stranded.
RNA uses Uracil in place of Thymine |
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What are 3 types of RNA?
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mRNA - messenger
rRNA - ribosomal tRNA - transfer |
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Define: Gene
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Piece of DNA that codes for RNA
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What is mRNA?
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Strand of RNA that consists of codons that code for a single amino acid
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What is rRNA?
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Used to make ribsomes
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What is tRNA?
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used to carry amino acids; each codon has a specific tRNA
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What is a ribosome?
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rRNA + protein; made in nucleus and exit through pores
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What is translation?
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protein synthesis/using RNA to make protein
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Where does translation occur?
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Ribosomes in rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Define: Plasma Membrane
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divides extracellular space (outside) from intracellular space (cytoplasm)
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What is the structure of a phospholipid?
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What is the function of cholesterol and where is it found?
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Stabilizes membrane
Found in hydrophobic part of phospholipid bilayer |
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What are the 5 types of proteins?
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R - Receptors (binding site)
E - Enzymes C - Carriers (bind to what is trying to get across & carrier it) C - Channels (opening/portal) C - Cell-to-Cell Attachment |
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What are the 3 primary components of a plasma membrane?
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Phopholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins
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Define: Passive Process
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no energy is needed from ATP
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Define the 2 types of passive processes
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Diffusion - spread of particles from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis - diffusion of water |
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Define: Simple diffusion
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substances go right through
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Define: Facilitated diffusion
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carrier in membrane or channel/port (usually for small ions)
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Define: Isotonic
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same concentration inside and out; no movement
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Define: Hypotonic
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water less concentrated than the cell; causes hemolysis (water goes into cell and it bursts)
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Define: Hypertonic
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water more concentrated than the cell; causes crenation (water goes out of cell and it shrivels up)
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Define: Active process
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energy required from ATP
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Define: Active transport
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Using ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane
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Give an example of active transport.
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Na+/K+ pump - one protein pumps K+ (kids) in and Na+ (neighbors) out
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Define: Secondary active transport
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proteins which piggyback other things back into the cell with the Na+
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Define: Exocytosis
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particles leave the cell via a vesicle (made by Golgi apparatus) which fuses with the plasma membrane
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Define the 3 types of Endocytosis.
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Phagocytosis - cell "eats" solids such as bacteria
Pinocytosis - cell "drinks" a droplet of something Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - endocytosis except the "stuff" won't be eaten unless there are receptors |
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Define: Resting Membrane Potential
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There are more K+ channels than Na+ channels (more K+ diffusing out than Na+ diffusing in); result is cell negative inside and positive outside
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What are the 4 classifications of tissues?
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nervous |
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Arrange types of tissues in order of mitosis (highest to lowest)
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle (not in muscle fibers) Nervous (maybe) |
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Define the two types of glands.
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Endocrine - secretions go into the blood
Exocrine - secretion go outside the body (goblet cell, multicellular) |
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What is the most abundant tissue type?
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Connective tissue
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Define: Membranes
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Epithelial tissue with their underlying connective tissue
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Define the 3 types of membranes.
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Cutaneous - skin
Mucous - lines body cavities that open to the outside (respiratory, reproductive, digestive, urinary, eyes) Serous - lines internal body cavities (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum) |
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Where is the visceral layer found?
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Serous membrane lining area closest to the organ
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Where is the parietal layer found?
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Serous membrane lining area farthest from the organ
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The following are indicative of what tissue type:
Classified by shape and arrangement Cells packed close together Avascular Microvilli & cilia Found in glands |
Epithelial
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"Cells in a matrix" indicates what tissue type?
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Connective
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What are the 5 connective tissues?
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Cartilage, bone, blood, loose, dense
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The following are indicative of what tissue type:
Contractile Generate body heat |
Muscle
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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Striated (skeletal, voluntary)
Smooth (involuntary) Cardiac |
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The following are indicative of what tissue type:
Neurons Glial (supporting) cells |
Nervous
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