A&p Test 4

Front 1

Which of the following is considered to be an accessory organ of the digestive system?

Back 1

gallbladder

Front 2

The major means of propelling food through the digestive tract is __________.

Back 2

peristalsis

Front 3

Which major process involves the elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus?

Back 3

defecation

Front 4

Where does the process of segmentation occur?

Back 4

small intestine

Front 5

How would you classify chewing food?

Back 5

mechanical breakdown

Front 6

The __________ is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal body wall.

Back 6

parietal peritoneum

Front 7

In a patient suffering from untreated infection-induced peritonitis, an infection in the visceral peritoneum immediately ______.

Back 7

spreads directly to the parietal peritoneum

Front 8

Which histological layer of the digestive tract is composed primarily of epithelial tissue?

Back 8

mucosa

Front 9

The __________ circulation includes all of the major abdominal arteries that serve the digestive organs.

Back 9

splanchnic

Front 10

The innermost tissue layer of the alimentary canal is the __________.

Back 10

mucosa

Front 11

The nervous system does not regulate digestive activity.

Back 11

False

Front 12

Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?

Back 12

mucosa

Front 13

Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?

Back 13

muscularis externa

Front 14

Which layer of the alimentary canal contains the nerve supply of the enteric neurons that regulate digestive system activity?

Back 14

submucosa

Front 15

A person with ankyloglossia would likely have difficulty pronouncing the word ______.

Back 15

All of the listed responses are correct.

yes

no

biology

Front 16

A mumps viral infection of the two parotid glands may ______.

Back 16

spread to the other salivary glands

Front 17

Hyposalivation can be treated with a drug that ______.

Back 17

stimulates muscarinic receptors in salivary gland serous cells

Front 18

Impacted wisdom teeth is a problem that is never observed in children because ______.

Back 18

they lack third molar teeth

Front 19

After root canal therapy, a tooth may become infected again due to poor dental hygiene. The patient might not seek treatment for this newly infected tooth because ______.

Back 19

the tooth lacks a nerve that would make the patient perceive pain

During a root canal the pulp is removed but the other tissues of the tooth remain. The pulp contains blood vessels and nerves for each individual tooth.

Front 20

Saliva does NOT __________.

Back 20

aid in the chemical digestion of proteins

Front 21

The primary dentition consists of __________ teeth.

Back 21

20

Front 22

How many total deciduous teeth are there?

Back 22

20

Front 23

How are wisdom teeth (third molars) classified?

Back 23

permanent teeth

Front 24

Which teeth are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food in the permanent dentition?

Back 24

incisors

Front 25

What muscle forms the labia of the mouth?

Back 25

orbicularis oris

Front 26

What is the function of the soft palate?

Back 26

The soft palate rises reflexively to close off the nasopharynx when swallowing occurs.

Front 27

What is the opening to the mouth called?

Back 27

oral orifice

Front 28

Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

Back 28

Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins.

Front 29

Which of the following inhibits salivation?

Back 29

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Front 30

Gastric juice does not typically cause a burning sensation within the stomach. But reflux of this gastric juice into the esophagus can cause a burning sensation. One reason why this occurs is that the esophagus ______.

Back 30

secretes mucus that is not identical to stomach mucus

Front 31

The __________ guards the entry of food into the stomach.

Back 31

cardiac sphincter

Front 32

Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth?

Back 32

ingestion

Front 33

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach?

Back 33

The stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydrates.

Front 34

Which of the following components of saliva helps convert food-derived nitrates into nitric oxide (NO)?

Back 34

bacteria present on the back of the tongue

Front 35

In a patient suffering from a gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, the cells most likely to have been damaged first are the ______.

Back 35

mucous cells

The mucosal barrier protects the underlying stomach tissue from the harsh effects from acidic pH found in the lumen.

Front 36

Before and during vomiting, the emetic center initiates motor responses that involve ______.

Back 36

All of the listed responses are correct.

Stomach emptying that occurs with vomiting requires several events. Receptors in the stomach are activated and send signals to the emetic center found in the medulla. Several motor responses are initiated including diaphragmatic contraction, relaxation of the gastroesophageal sphincter, and elevation the soft palate.

Front 37

What role of the stomach is essential to life?

Back 37

production of intrinsic factor

Front 38

In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum.

Back 38

intestinal

Front 39

The __________ is the last segment of the small intestine.

Back 39

ileum

Front 40

Blood draining from the stomach is more alkaline (basic) than blood that serves the stomach.

Back 40

True

Front 41

Which tunic of the stomach is constructed of simple columnar epithelium composed entirely of mucous cells?

Back 41

mucosa

Front 42

Which mesentery helps tether the stomach to the liver?

Back 42

lesser omentum

Front 43

The mucosa collapses inward when the stomach is empty, forming large folds known as __________.

Back 43

rugae

Front 44

Cirrhosis can cause ______.

Back 44

a bleeding disorder

Front 45

An obstruction by a gallstone is least likely to occur in the ______.

Back 45

common hepatic duct

The common hepatic duct is formed where the right and left hepatic ducts join inferior to the liver.

Front 46

Which organ of the digestive tract is the body's major digestive organ?

Back 46

small intestine

Front 47

What is the major digestive function of the pancreas?

Back 47

production of digestive enzymes

Front 48

Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine to increase surface area?

Back 48

rugae

Front 49

Bile is produced by the __________.

Back 49

liver

Front 50

The pancreas secretes __________.

Back 50

procarboxypeptidase

Front 51

Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the __________.

Back 51

small intestine

Front 52

The liver is able to regenerate even after 50% of its original mass is lost.

Back 52

True

Front 53

What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?

Back 53

circular folds

Front 54

Which cell in the small intestine's mucosa is a mucus-secreting cell?

Back 54

goblet cell

Front 55

Which cells of the small intestine secrete enterogastrones, such as secretin and cholecystokinin?

Back 55

enteroendocrine cells

Front 56

Which duct carries bile out of bile ducts in the liver?

Back 56

common hepatic duct

Front 57

Which component of bile emulsifies fats?

Back 57

bile salts

Front 58

Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?

Back 58

hepatic portal vein

Front 59

Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin?

Back 59

enteropeptidase

Front 60

What is a major function of pancreatic juice?

Back 60

neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach

Front 61

What triggers the release of secretin from the small intestine?

Back 61

presence of acidic, fatty chyme in the small intestine

Front 62

Which of the following is NOT inhibited by the intestino-intestinal reflex?

Back 62

muscularis mucosae

The muscularis mucosa contains smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa. This reflex describes how distension in one segment of the intestine inhibits segmentation in another region of the intestine.

Front 63

The appendix contains masses of lymphoid tissue and therefore has leukocytes capable of attacking bacteria present in the appendix. But during appendicitis, bacteria trapped in the lumen of the appendix are not effectively attacked because ______.

Back 63

there is an inadequate blood supply to the appendix wall

Immune cells must move from the blood into infected tissues when an immune response is needed to fight off invading bacteria, viruses, or protozoa.

Front 64

The formation of diverticula involves, most significantly, the ______.

Back 64

weakening of the colon's submucosa

Front 65

An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______.

Back 65

inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus

The myenteric nerve plexus is the major nerve supply that controls gastrointestinal tract motility.

Front 66

Which of the following processes occurs only in the large intestine?

Back 66

defecation

Front 67

Which vitamins are made by the bacteria in the large intestine?

Back 67

B complex and K vitamins

Front 68

The major function of the large intestine is to __________.

Back 68

absorb water

Front 69

__________ can result if food passes too slowly through the large intestine.

Back 69

Constipation

Front 70

Bacteria that reside in the large intestine make vitamin K.

Back 70

True

Front 71

Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?

Back 71

mass movement

Front 72

What is the function of the bacterial flora that inhabit the large intestine?

Back 72

Bacterial flora synthesize B-complex vitamins and some of the vitamin K needed by the liver.

Front 73

One of the direct consequences of lactose intolerance is ______.

Back 73

increased osmotic pressure of the large intestine contents

Osmotic pressure is the tendency of water to move into a cell by osmosis (diffusion of water). Recall that the rate of osmosis is dictated by the concentration of non-diffusible solutes in a solution.

Front 74

Which enzymes are responsible for the final chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids?

Back 74

brush border enzymes

Front 75

Proteins are digested into __________.

Back 75

amino acids

Front 76

Which of the following are mismatched?

Back 76

protease: lipid digestion

Front 77

When a baby ingests breast milk, the milk's IgA antibodies may be absorbed into the baby's bloodstream because ______.

Back 77

many pepsinogen molecules remain unchanged

Pepsinogen is the inactive form of the enzyme pepsin. Pepsin functions to initiate the breakdown of proteins.

Front 78

Which part of the digestive system is the major location for absorption of the end products of digestion?

Back 78

small intestine

Front 79

How are fats absorbed into the blood?

Back 79

in the form of chylomicrons

Front 80

In cystic fibrosis, blockage of the pancreatic duct by thick mucus will prevent the flow of pancreatic juice into the duodenum; this will directly cause ______.

Back 80

atrophy of the pancreatic acini

Front 81

Which nutrients function as coenzymes and are needed in only small amounts?

Back 81

vitamins

Front 82

__________ is a substance in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair.

Back 82

A nutrient

Front 83

Neurons and red blood cells rely exclusively on __________ to meet their energy needs.

Back 83

glucose

Front 84

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

Back 84

vitamin B

Front 85

What is the primary function of cellular respiration - its end-purpose?

Back 85

to generate ATP

Front 86

Which nutrients are the most important anabolic nutrients?

Back 86

amino acids

Front 87

__________ refers to reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

Back 87

Catabolism

Front 88

Redox reactions __________.

Back 88

are characterized by one substance gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron

Front 89

Glycolysis occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.

Back 89

cytosol; anaerobic

Front 90

If cyanide entered cells, the result would be ______.

Back 90

a net gain of only 4 ATP molecules produced from each glucose molecule

Front 91

During ketosis caused by inadequate ingestion of carbohydrates, ______.

Back 91

the glycogen content of the liver is reduced

Front 92

The "proton pumps" indicated in the figure are physically associated with ______.

Back 92

the electron transport chain

Front 93

The movement of H+ through the ATP synthase is best described as an example of ______.

Back 93

facilitated diffusion

Front 94

How is the chemiosmotic process shown in the figure similar to secondary active transport (cotransport) of solutes discussed in Chapter 3 in the textbook?

Back 94

Both processes use an electrochemical gradient to store energy.

Front 95

Proton pumps within the electron transport chain transport H+ ions ______.

Back 95

from matrix to intermembrane space

Front 96

Which of the following statements regarding the electron transport chain is FALSE?

Back 96

Each enzyme complex in the electron transport chain catalyzes the conversion of oxygen to water.

Front 97

Which of the following describes the event depicted on the right side of the figure?

Back 97

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 98

Which of the following pathways act as a source for the electrons carried by the NADH and FADH2 molecules shown in this figure?

Back 98

both A and B

Front 99

Which nutrient molecule is the pivotal fuel molecule in the oxidative pathways?

Back 99

glucose

Front 100

Which of the following is NOT a pathway in the oxidation of glucose?

Back 100

gluconeogenesis

Front 101

Which term describes the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids?

Back 101

lipolysis

Front 102

Which of the following is NOT an end product of the Krebs cycle?

Back 102

citric acid

Front 103

Which of the following is a characteristic of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

Back 103

The ETC occurs in the mitochondria.

Front 104

Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________.

Back 104

urea; liver

Front 105

__________ is the key hormone regulator of the absorptive state.

Back 105

Insulin

Front 106

The primary goal during the postabsorptive state is to __________.

Back 106

maintain blood glucose levels within an adequate range

Front 107

__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Back 107

LDLs

Front 108

The hyperglycemia that occurs during diabetes mellitus is accompanied by ______.

Back 108

ketosis

Front 109

Which hormone directs essentially all events of the absorptive state?

Back 109

insulin

Front 110

The body's rate of kilocalorie consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities is called the __________.

Back 110

total metabolic rate

Front 111

Which of the following would decrease body temperature?

Back 111

dilation of cutaneous blood vessels

Front 112

One of the reasons why statins are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease is ______.

Back 112

Which of the following is NOT an essential role of the liver?

Front 113

A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance.

Back 113

false

Front 114

Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. In hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because ______.

Back 114

the rate of exergonic reactions is increased

Front 115

Heavy sweating can induce heat cramps due to ______.

Back 115

All of the listed responses are correct.

Front 116

Frostbite is LEAST likely to occur in the skin of a body region (e.g., abdominal region, finger region, etc.) that ______.

Back 116

is closer to the heart than skin of a body region that is farther from the heart

Front 117

Although both conditions share the common characteristic of elevated body temperature, hyperthermia is technically different from fever because ______.

Back 117

fever is a condition in which there is a change in the body's temperature set-point

Front 118

Which hormone is called the "metabolic" hormone?

Back 118

thyroxine

Front 119

Which brain region is the main integrating center for thermoregulation?

Back 119

hypothalamus

Front 120

Most ATP in cellular respiration is generated in glycolysis.

Back 120

False

Front 121

The body is able to form glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Back 121

True

Front 122

Leptin is a short-term regulator of food intake.

Back 122

False

Front 123

An effective way to treat galactosemia would be to stop ingesting galactose and ______.

Back 123

lactose