A&p Test 3 Ppt Study Guide

Front 1

Where is the spinal cord located?

Back 1

it is located in the spinal cavity from the medulla to the second lumbar vertebra

Front 2

What is the name of the tapering distal segment of the spinal cord?

Back 2

conus medullaris

Front 3

Central Nervous System

Back 3

the spinal cord

Front 4

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Back 4

31 pairs of these

Front 5

How many pairs cervical nerves are there?

Back 5

8 pairs of these

Front 6

How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?

Back 6

12 pairs of these

Front 7

How many pairs of lumber nerves are there?

Back 7

5 pairs of these

Front 8

How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?

Back 8

5 pairs of these

Front 9

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there?

Back 9

1 pair

Front 10

The meninges covering the spinal cord form what to connect to the coccyx?

Back 10

filum terminale

Front 11

What are the two bulges in the spinal cord called?

Back 11

the cervical and lumbar enlargements

Front 12

What are the two deep grooves of the spinal cord called?

Back 12

the anterior median fissure on the ventral surface and the posterior median sulcus on the dorsal surface

Front 13

Where is the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) located?

Back 13

it is in the subarachnoid space and in the central canal

Front 14

What kind of nerves are spinal nerves?

Back 14

these are mixed nerves, formed from two spinal roots that join

Front 15

What is the cauda equina?

Back 15

this is a collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

Front 16

Where are the cell bodies of the somatic and autonomic sensory neurons located?

Back 16

these are located in swellings of the dorsal root called ganglia

Front 17

What polarity are the somatic and autonomic sensory neurons and what do they do?

Back 17

these are unipolar neurons that synapse with interneurons in the posterior horns of the gray matter

Front 18

What kind of information flows through the dorsal (posterior) nerve roots of the spinal cord?

Back 18

sensory information flows through these

Front 19

What kind of information flows through the ventral (anterior) nerve roots of the spinal cord?

Back 19

motor information flows through these

Front 20

kinesthesia

Back 20

sensation of movement of body parts

Front 21

stereognosis

Back 21

ability to tell what an object is just by feel

Front 22

What do lateral spinothalamic tracts carry?

Back 22

these carry crude touch, pain, and temp

Front 23

What do anterior spinothalamic tracts carry?

Back 23

these carry crude touch and pressure

Front 24

What do fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus carry?

Back 24

these carry discriminating touch, like vibration, stereognosis, and 2 point discrimination

Front 25

What do anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts carry?

Back 25

these carry subconscious kinesthesia

Front 26

In what direction do sensory tracts function?

Back 26

ascending

Front 27

In what direction do motor tracts function?

Back 27

descending

Front 28

What are lateral corticospinal tracts used for?

Back 28

these are crossed pyramidal, used for voluntary movement of muscles on opposite sides of the body

Front 29

What are anterior corticospinal tracts used for?

Back 29

these are direct pyramidal, used for voluntary movement of muscles on the same side of the body

Front 30

What part of the nervous system are spinal nerves a part of?

Back 30

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 31

Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?

Back 31

CN I, CN II, and CN VIII

Front 32

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic?

Back 32

CN III, CN VII, CN IX, and CN X

Front 33

Mastication

Back 33

chewing

Front 34

Lacrimal

Back 34

gland plus associated tear ducts

Front 35

Which cranial nerve has baroreceptors (sensory nerve sensitive to changes in blood pressure)?

Back 35

CN IX

Front 36

What neurotransmitter does adrenergic neurons release?

Back 36

Norepinephrine (NE)

Front 37

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic in what nervous system?

Back 37

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 38

Where are alpha and beta receptors of adrenergic receptors found?

Back 38

these are found on visceral effectors innervated by most sympathetic postganglionic axons

Front 39

What neurotransmitter do all preganglionic neurons release?

Back 39

acetylcholine

Front 40

What neurotransmitter do all postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system release?

Back 40

acetylcholine

Front 41

What neurotransmitter do most postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release?

Back 41

norepinephrine

Front 42

What neurotransmitter do postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system that innervate sweat glands release?

Back 42

acetylcholine

Front 43

What neurotransmitter does the adrenal medulla release?

Back 43

epinephrine

Front 44

What neurotransmitter do all motor neurons to skeletal muscles release?

Back 44

acetylcholine

Front 45

What do sympathomimetic or adrenergic agents do?

Back 45

these bind to and activate adrenergic receptors

Front 46

What do parasympathomimetic or cholinergic agents do?

Back 46

these bind to and activate cholinergic receptors

Front 47

What do adrenergic blockers do?

Back 47

these bind to and block adrenergic receptors

Front 48

What do anticholinergic agents or cholinergic blockers do?

Back 48

these bind to and block cholingeric receptors

Front 49

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

Back 49

these are located on skeletal muscle, on the cell bodies of all postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system as well as on cells of the adrenal medulla

Front 50

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

Back 50

these are located on all organs regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system and on sweat glands

Front 51

Where are adrenergic receptors located?

Back 51

these are located on all organs (except sweat glands) regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and on organs regulated by epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla

Front 52

What are the three major functions of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

Back 52

1. Regulation of the cardiovascular system
2. Regulation of body temperature
3. "Fight or flight" response

Front 53

What does the "fight or flight" response do?

Back 53

this moves blood into skeletal muscles, dilates bronchi to improve oxygenation, dilates pupils to enhance vision, increases heart rate and blood pressure, and mobilizes stored energy by providing glucose for the brain and fatty acids for muscles

Front 54

What are the seven major functions of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Back 54

1. Slows heart rate
2. Increases gastric secretion
3. Urination
4. Defecation
5. Accommodation
6. Pupillary Constriction or Meiosis
7. Bronchoconstriction

Front 55

What does SLUDD stand for in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Back 55

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion
Defecation

Front 56

Name the three main nerves in the arm (list from pinky to thumb).

Back 56

Pinky - Ulnar
Middle - Median
Thumb - Radial

Front 57

Name the three tunics that compose the wall of the eye.

Back 57

1. Fibrous tunic (outermost)
2. Vascular tunic (middle)
3. Sensory tunic (innermost)

Front 58

sclera

Back 58

the white of the eye

Front 59

iris

Back 59

colored part of the eye

Front 60

pupil

Back 60

dark hole in the center of the iris

Front 61

cones

Back 61

sharpness, color

Front 62

rods

Back 62

night vision

Front 63

aqueous humor

Back 63

fluid in the anterior segment of the eye that supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea

Front 64

vitreous humor

Back 64

gel in the posterior segment of the eye that transmits light to the retina, supports the posterior surface of the lens, and contributes to intraocular pressure

Front 65

How do the eyes focus for close vision?

Back 65

1. Accommodation of the lenses
2. Constriction of the pupils
3. Convergence of the eyeballs

Front 66

What does the conjunctiva do?

Back 66

this covers only the sclera, lining the eyelids and creating a sac between the eyeball and eyelids when the eye is closed

Front 67

Which cranial nerve controls the ear?

Back 67

CN VIII

Front 68

What three parts make up the external ear?

Back 68

1. Auricle (pinna)
2. External Auditory Meatus (ear canal)
3. Tympanic Membrane (ear drum)

Front 69

What three parts make up the middle ear?

Back 69

1. Three Auditory Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
2. Eustachian Tube
3. Mastoid Air Cells (mastoiditis)

Front 70

What three parts make up the internal ear and what two fluids will you find there?

Back 70

1. Cochlea
2. Vestibule (static equilibrium otoliths)
3. Three Semicircular Canals

Fluids
1. Endolymph
2. Perilymph

Front 71

What is otitis?

Back 71

this is an inflammation of the ear

Front 72

Where is the inner ear located?

Back 72

this is located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

Front 73

Which cranial nerves control the biceps?

Back 73

CN V and CN VI

Front 74

Which cranial nerves control the triceps?

Back 74

CN VII and CN VIII

Front 75

Reflex: Explain the numbers 1-4.

Back 75

+ 1 = hypoactive
+ 2 = normal
+ 3 = hyperactive
+ 4 = clonus

Front 76

flaccid

Back 76

loose

Front 77

Patellar Reflex

Back 77

L3, L4

Front 78

Ankle Jerk Reflex

Back 78

S1, S2

Front 79

Plantar Reflex

Back 79

L5, S1, S2

Front 80

optunded

Back 80

mentally dulled, patient has trouble answering questions