A&p Test 3 - Heart

Front 1

What are the two principles of Pressure and Flow?

Back 1

Measurement of Pressure, Pressure Gradients and Flow

Front 2

Heart sounds are caused by? These sounds are associated with what three things?

Back 2

Turbulent blood flow; Movement of blood in the vessels associated with closing valves, Changes in tension in the heart wall, Impact of the heart against the chest wall

Front 3

Finish the sentence: In order to move blood from one location to the next, ......

Back 3

Pressure in the preceding chamber/vessels must exceed that in the subsequent chamber/vessel

Front 4

Remember than an action potential must occur ________ the physical event of systole can occur. Why is this?

Back 4

Before; because it's the action potential that causes the release of Ca++ that triggers contractile events

Front 5

An ________ must occur before the physical event of ________ can occur.

Back 5

Action potential; systole

Front 6

Because there is no valve between the veins and atria, the only time that blood flow into the atria is interrupted is during __________.

Back 6

Atrial systole

Front 7

The only time that blood flow into the atria is interrupted is during ATRIAL SYSTOLE. Why?

Back 7

Because there is no valve between the veins and atria.

Front 8

The valves of the heart are _______, one-way structures that open and close in response to ________.

Back 8

passive; pressure changes

Front 9

Ventricular filling: mostly filled actively/passively. _________ accounts for the rest of ventricular filling, finally achieving the _____.

Back 9

Passively; ATRIAL SYSTOLE accounts for the rest of ventricular filling, finally achieving the EDV.

Front 10

EDV stands for:

Back 10

End-Dialostic Volume

Front 11

_______________: After QRS, the ventricles begin to tense at the beginning of the systole. As the pressure increases in the chamber, the AV valve is closed tightly as blood in the ventricle pushes upward against it. There is no change in ventricular volume, though, since pressure in the ventricles has not risen sufficiently to open the semilunar valve by exceeding the pressure in the arteries leaving the heart (pulmonary trunk and aorta.). Blood cannot yet go anywhere and all valves are closed.

Back 11

Isovolumetric Contraction

Front 12

Isovolumetric Contraction: After ______, the ventricles begin to tense at the beginning of the _______. As the pressure increases in the chamber, the _____ is closed tightly as blood in the ventricles ______ _______ _______ _____. There is no change in _______ though, since pressure in the ventricles has not risen sufficiently to open the _________ by exceeding the pressure in the arteries leaving the heart (________ and_______). Blood can/cannot go anywhere and all valves are open/closed.

Back 12

After QRS, the ventricles begin to tense at the beginning of the SYSTOLE. As the pressure increases in the chamber, the AV VALVE is closed tightly as blood in the ventricles PUSHES UP AGAINST IT. There is no change in VENTRICULAR VOLUME though, since pressure in the ventricles has not risen sufficiently to open the SEMILUNAR VALVE by exceeding the pressure in the arteries leaving the heart ( PULMONARY TRUNK and AORTA). Blood CANNOT go anywhere and all valves are CLOSED.

Front 13

During Isovolumetric contraction, is there change in ventricular volume? Explain

Back 13

No; pressure in the ventricles has not risen sufficiently to open the semilunar valve.

Front 14

During Isovolumetric contraction, blood can go anywhere and the valves are open. T/F

Back 14

False

Front 15

___________: As systole in the ventricles proceeds and the pressure builds in the ventricles, the pressure in the ventricles finally exceeds that in the great arteries, opening the semilunar valves and EJECTING a portion (a FRACTION) of the EDV into the arteries. THe VOLUME ejected is the SV. The relationship of the SV and the EDV is the EJECTION FRACTION, (SV/EDV). During ventricular systole, the papillary muscles also contract, pulling down the chordae tendineae and preventing PROLAPSE of the AV valves into the atria. The remaining blood in the ventricles after the SV is ejected into the arteries is the ESV.

Back 15

Ventricular Ejection

Front 16

Ventricular Ejection: As ______ in the ventricles proceeds and the pressure builds in the ventricles, the pressure in the ventricles finally exceeds that in the great arteries, opening the _________ and _______ a portion (a ________) of the ______ into the arteries. The _______ ejected is the SV. The relationship of the SV and the EDV is the ___________, (SV/EDV). During ventricular systole, the __________ also contract, pulling down the chordae tendineae and preventing ________ of the ____ valves into the atria. The remaining blood in the ventricles after the SV is ejected into the arteries is the ______.

Back 16

As SYSTOLE in the ventricles proceeds and the pressure builds in the ventricles, the pressure in the ventricles finally exceeds that in the great arteries, opening the SEMILUNAR VALVES and EJECTING a portion (a FRACTION) of the EDV into the arteries. The VOLUME ejected is the SV. The relationship of the SV and the EDV is the EJECTION FRACTION, (SV/EDV). During ventricular systole, the PAPILLARY MUSCLES also contract, pulling down the chordae tendineae and preventing PROLAPSE of the AV valves into the atria. The remaining blood in the ventricles after the SV is ejected into the arteries is the ESV.

Front 17

During Ventricular Ejection, after the semilunar valves open, what happens? The VOLUME of this is the?

Back 17

A portion of the EDV is ejected into the arteries. The volume ejected is the SV.

Front 18

During Ventricular Ejection, The Ejection Fraction is the relationship of the ____ to the ____.

Back 18

SV; EDV

Front 19

During Ventricular Ejection, what prevents prolapse of the AV valves into the atria?

Back 19

The papillary muscles contract, pulling down on the chordae tendinae.

Front 20

During Ventricular Ejection, the remaining blood in the ventricles after the SV is ejected into the arteries is the?

Back 20

ESV

Front 21

___________: The T wave is occurring and the ventricles are entering diastole and begin to expand. As pressure in the ventricles drops the semilunar valves close as the blood fills their cusps. At this point, all the valves are closed because pressure in the atria has not yet exceeded that in the ventricles. When it finally does (the atria have been filling with blood all this time), the AV valves open and hang limply down into the ventricles, allowing the ventricles to begin passively filling again, completing the cycle.

Back 21

Isovolumetric Relaxation

Front 22

Isovolumetric Relaxation: The _______ is occurring and the ventricles are entering ______ and begin to _______. As pressure in the ventricles ______ the _______ close as the blood fills their cusps. At this point, all the valves are _____ because pressure in the atria has not yet exceeded that in the ventricles. When it finally does (the ______ have been filling with blood all this time), the _____ open and hang limply down into the _______, allowing the ventricles to begin passively ______ again, completing the cycle.

Back 22

The T WAVE is occurring and the ventricles are entering DIASTOLE and begin to EXPAND. As pressure in the ventricles DROPS the SEMILUNAR VALCES close as the blood fills their cusps. At this point, all the valves are CLOSED because pressure in the atria has not yet exceeded that in the ventricles. When it finally does (the ATRIA have been filling with blood all this time), the AV VALVES open and hang limply down into the VENTRICLES, allowing the ventricles to begin passively FILLING again, completing the cycle.

Front 23

During Isovolumetric Relaxation, what type of wave is occurring? What are the ventricles doing?

Back 23

T wave; entering diastole and expanding

Front 24

During Isovolumetric Relaxation, As pressure in the ventricles drops, what happens?

Back 24

Blood briefly flows backwards toward the heart from the arteries, closing the semilunar valves as the blood fills their cusps.

Front 25

During Isovolumetric Relaxation, what is the status of all the valves as blood briefly flows backwards toward the heart from the arteries? Why?

Back 25

They are all closed; Because pressure in the atria hasn't yet exceeded that in the ventricles.

Front 26

During Isovolumetric Relaxation, what happens when the pressure in the atria finally does exceed that in the ventricles?

Back 26

The AV valves open and hang limply down into the ventricles, allowing them to fill, completing the cycle.

Front 27

Name the four steps of the Cardiac Cycle.

Back 27

Ventricular Filling, Isovolumetric Contraction, Ventricular Ejection, Isovolumetric Relaxation.