Ap Test 3

Front 1

functions of muscles

Back 1

movement, stability, opening/passageway control, heat production, glycemic control

Front 2

myology

Back 2

the study of the muscular system

Front 3

kinds of muscle tissue

Back 3

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Front 4

muscle is specialized for one purpose

Back 4

converting chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical energy of motion

Front 5

universal characteristics of muscle

Back 5

responsiveness, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

Front 6

muscles can only contract they cannot push things so…

Back 6

muscles must work as pairs

Front 7

connective tissues associated with a skeletal muscle

Back 7

fascia

Front 8

deep fascia

Back 8

found between adjacent muscles

Front 9

superficial fascia

Back 9

found between skin and muscles, contains fat tissue

Front 10

three parts of a muscle

Back 10

origin, belly, insertion

Front 11

origin

Back 11

attachment to stationary end of muscle

Front 12

belly

Back 12

thicker middle region of muscle

Front 13

insertion

Back 13

attachment to mobile end of muscle

Front 14

Fusiform

Back 14

belly in the middle tendon on either end, function

Front 15

Triangle

Back 15

triangle shaped, function

Front 16

Unipennate

Back 16

half of a feather, function

Front 17

Bipennate

Back 17

full feather, function

Front 18

Multipennate

Back 18

multiple tendons, function

Front 19

Circular

Back 19

circle shaped, opens and closes openings of the body

Front 20

intrinsic muscles

Back 20

contained and effect movement within a region

Front 21

extrinsic muscles

Back 21

muscles contained in a region that effect motion in a different region

Front 22

Indirect attachment

Back 22

anything with a tendon- tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment

Front 23

Aponeurosis

Back 23

tendon that is a flat broad sheet like in your palm

Front 24

Retinaculum

Back 24

tendon that lays over other tendons

Front 25

Direct/ fleshy attachment

Back 25

direct conection muscle to bone

Front 26

Muscle fiber

Back 26

muscle cell

Front 27

Perimysium

Back 27

connective tissue hold one fascicle and has blood vessels and nerves in it

Front 28

Endomysium

Back 28

hold one muscle fiber

Front 29

Muscle fascicle

Back 29

muscle fiber grouping

Front 30

Epimysium

Back 30

just inside fascia hold entire muscle

Front 31

Fascicles

Back 31

group of muscle cells

Front 32

Prime mover

Back 32

produces most of the force

Front 33

Synergist

Back 33

stabilizes and modifies direction of movement

Front 34

Antagonist

Back 34

oposes prime mover, prevents excessive movement

Front 35

Fixator

Back 35

prevents movement of bone that prime mover is attached to

Front 36

Sarcolemma

Back 36

cell membrane, has tunnel like transverse t tubles

Front 37

Transverse tubule

Back 37

part of the sarcolemma that is inside the cell

Front 38

Sarcoplastmic reticulem

Back 38

the form endoplasmic reticulum takes on in muscle is a series of interconnected dilated calcium storage sacs called terminal cisternae

Front 39

The sarcoplasmic reticulum does what?

Back 39

carry electrical signals from the cell surface to the interior

Front 40

Triad

Back 40

t tubule, sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 41

Mitochondria produce the atp that muscles need and are found

Back 41

throuought the muscle

Front 42

In one muscle fiber the tube things are

Back 42

myofibrils

Front 43

Each muscle fiber contains many

Back 43

myofibrils

Front 44

Each myofibril is composed of many

Back 44

sarcomeres

Front 45

Sarcoplasm

Back 45

cytoplasm contains glycogen for stored energy and myoglobin for binding oxygen

Front 46

When you gain muscle you are

Back 46

adding more myofibrils to each muscle fiber

Front 47

list level of organization starting with skeletal muscle

Back 47

skeletal muscle- fascicle- muscle fiber- myofibrils- sarcomere- thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin, tropomyosin, troponin)

Front 48

sarcomere

Back 48

from one z disc to the next z disk

Front 49

actin

Back 49

touches the z disk

Front 50

myosin

Back 50

sits in the middle of the z discs held in place by titin

Front 51

muscles contract by

Back 51

the z discs getting closer together

Front 52

titin

Back 52

holds the myosin myofilament in place between the z discs

Front 53

H zone

Back 53

space between the ends of actin, in contraction the H zone disaperes

Front 54

When your muscle contracts

Back 54

the pieces of actin get closer together and the myosin gets closer to the z disc causin the sarcomere to be shorter in length

Front 55

Each muscle fiber is innervated by

Back 55

only ONE motor neuron

Front 56

Skeletal muscles are innervated by

Back 56

somatic motor neurons

Front 57

Acetycholine

Back 57

ACh neurotransmitter that is released from nerve fibers and causes stimulation of muscle cell

Front 58

Schwann cell

Back 58

envelopes and isolates NMJ

Front 59

Synaptic cleft

Back 59

tiny gap between the nerve and muscle cells

Front 60

Motor end plate

Back 60

specialized region of muscle cell suface

Front 61

Synapse

Back 61

region where a muscle fiber makes a functional connection with its target cell (NMJ)

Front 62

When you muscle is relaxed there is K+ _____ the cell and Na+ ______ the cell

Back 62

K+ inside and Na+ outside

Front 63

excitation

Back 63

action potentials in the nerve lead to formation of action potentials in muscle fiber Nerve signal stimulates voltage-gated calcium channels that result in exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing ACh - ACh release

Front 64

excitation-contraction coupling

Back 64

action potentials on the sarcolemma activate myofilaments

Front 65

contraction

Back 65

shortening of muscle fiber or at least formation of tension

Front 66

relaxation

Back 66

return of fiber to its resting length

Front 67

Motor unit

Back 67

the amount of muscle fibers touched by ONE neouron

Front 68

how many nerves can touch a muscle fiber?

Back 68

only one

Front 69

one nerve touches how many muscles?

Back 69

depends on which muscle

Front 70

what decides how many muscle fibers a nerve touches

Back 70

its about how controlled the movement has to be

controlled movement like eye muscles, touches few muscle fibers

larger muscles nerves touch more muscle fibers

Front 71

sodium potassium pump...

Back 71

puts sodium and potassium back in their places

Front 72

relaxation phase

Back 72

Ach chewed up by ache

sodium and potassium put back

calcium removed

Front 73

higher frequency

Back 73

gradual increase in strenght

temporal/wave summation

no full recovery

sustained fluttering contractions

Front 74

maximum frequency

Back 74

muscle has no time to relax

twitches fuse into smooth prolonged contraction

complete tetanus

rare in human body

Front 75

length tension - overly contracted

Back 75

actin ends overlapped things are crunched too much to flex any more

Front 76

length tension - optimum resting length

Back 76

all myosin heads can reach actin but space between pieces of actin

Front 77

length tension - overly stretched

Back 77

not all myosin heads can reach actin

Front 78

isometric muscle contration

Back 78

develops tension without changing length

Front 79

isotonic muscle contraction

Back 79

tension and muscle length changeg

tension developed while shortening or lengthening

Front 80

isotonic concentric

Back 80

shortening

Front 81

isotonic eccentric

Back 81

lengthening

Front 82

to lift an object you go through what phases in what order

Back 82

isometric phase builds muscle tension then isotonic muscle length changes

Front 83

Cross bridge cycle step 1- ATP hydrolysis...

Back 83

cocks myosin head

Front 84

brossbridge cycle step 2-

Back 84

myosin head binds actin forming crossbridge

Front 85

cross bridge cycle step 3-

Back 85

release of ADP and P flexes myosin head

Front 86

cross bridge cycle step 4 -

Back 86

a new ATP binds myosin head dissolving the crossbridge

Front 87

myoglobin

Back 87

in your muscles

stores oxygen

Front 88

aerobic respiration

Back 88

uses oxygen from myoglobin

lasts the first few seconds of a workout

Front 89

phosphagen system

Back 89

taking two ADP and making one AMP and one ATP

Front 90

creatine kinase

Back 90

made from a ADP and creatine Phosphate

is turned into a ATP and a creatine

Front 91

anaerobic respiration

Back 91

without oxygen

creates lactic acid

Front 92

long term energy needs- eventually your body will return to

Back 92

aerobic respiration once your body catches up

Front 93

recovery period after exercize is when

Back 93

your body replenishes all of its stores of oxygen

replenishes the phosphate system

removes lactic acid to glucose in kidneys and liver

Front 94

slow twitch muscles AKA:

Back 94

slow oxidative (SO)

Front 95

Slow twitch muscles

Back 95

more mitochondria myoglobin and capillaries

adapted to aerobic respiration and resistance to fatigue

Front 96

fast twitch

Back 96

rich in enzymes for phosphagen and lactic systems

sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium quickly so contractions are quicker

Front 97

proportions of muscle types vary depending on

Back 97

genetics- sprinter V marathoner

Front 98

Causes of muscle fatigue

Back 98

ATP synthesis declines as glycogen is consumed causes other processes to not work

NMJ uses up Ach

lactic acid inhibits enzyme function