A&p Test 3

Front 1

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder and 1 urethra

Back 1

parts of urinary system

Front 2

red/brown, lima bean shape, high on ether side of abdominal cavity, right is 1.5cm lower than left b/c of liver

Back 2

kidneys

Front 3

behind peritoneal cavity, 4in long, 2in wide,1in thick, flattened antero-posteriorly

Back 3

retroperitoneal

Front 4

kidneys are embedded in a 3-layer fatty, fibrous patch

Back 4

1.inner-renal capsule
2.middle-adipose capsule
3.outer- renal fascia

Front 5

inner layer of kidney, attachment and protects from trauma and infection

Back 5

renal capsule

Front 6

middle layer of kidney,protection

Back 6

adipose capsule

Front 7

outer layer, anchors kidneys to peritoneum and abdominal wall

Back 7

renal fascia

Front 8

support gives way and kidneys drop,occurs in thin people,cause ureter to kink and block urine flow

Back 8

renal ptosis

Front 9

backup of urine from ureteral obstruction

Back 9

hydronephrosis

Front 10

filter a/b 200L of fluid in bloodstream/day, toxins, metabolic wastes and excess ions leave body in urine,regulates water,salts and pH of blood, metabolize vitD into its active form

Back 10

kidney function

Front 11

during prolonged fasting, kidneys suppl glucose 20% as much as liver

Back 11

gluconeogenesis

Front 12

enzyme to help regulate blood pressure and fxn of kidneys

Back 12

renin

Front 13

hormone that stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow,produced in kidneys

Back 13

erythropoietin

Front 14

deep depression on concave side of the kidney

Back 14

renal sinus

Front 15

entranceto the renal sinus, renal artery,vein and ureter enter or exit here

Back 15

hilus

Front 16

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder and 1 urethra

Back 16

parts of urinary system

Front 17

red/brown, lima bean shape, high on ether side of abdominal cavity, right is 1.5cm lower than left b/c of liver

Back 17

kidneys

Front 18

behind peritoneal cavity, 4in long, 2in wide,1in thick, flattened antero-posteriorly

Back 18

retroperitoneal

Front 19

kidneys are embedded in a 3-layer fatty, fibrous patch

Back 19

1.inner-renal capsule
2.middle-adipose capsule
3.outer- renal fascia

Front 20

inner layer of kidney, attachment and protects from trauma and infection

Back 20

renal capsule

Front 21

middle layer of kidney,protection

Back 21

adipose capsule

Front 22

outer layer, anchors kidneys to peritoneum and abdominal wall

Back 22

renal fascia

Front 23

support gives way and kidneys drop,occurs in thin people,cause ureter to kink and block urine flow

Back 23

renal ptosis

Front 24

backup of urine from ureteral obstruction

Back 24

hydronephrosis

Front 25

filter a/b 200L of fluid in bloodstream/day, toxins, metabolic wastes and excess ions leave body in urine,regulates water,salts and pH of blood, metabolize vitD into its active form

Back 25

kidney function

Front 26

during prolonged fasting, kidneys suppl glucose 20% as much as liver

Back 26

gluconeogenesis

Front 27

enzyme to help regulate blood pressure and fxn of kidneys

Back 27

renin

Front 28

hormone that stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow,produced in kidneys

Back 28

erythropoietin

Front 29

deep depression on concave side of the kidney

Back 29

renal sinus

Front 30

entranceto the renal sinus, renal artery,vein and ureter enter or exit here

Back 30

hilus

Front 31

reddish brown and granular, outer layer

Back 31

cortex

Front 32

darker colored and striped, inner layer, 8-15 renal pyramids separated by renal columns, apexes are pointed toward renal sinus

Back 32

medulla

Front 33

fxnl unit of kidney, >1000000/kidney, filter blood,(return/remove), formation of urine

Back 33

nephron

Front 34

passive, nonselective process in which hydrostatic pressure fores fluids and solutes through a membrane

Back 34

glomerular filtration

Front 35

tuft of capillaries, capillaries in these are 100-400x as porous as those in skeletal muscle, allow passage of much water and dissolved solutes,few proteins pass b/c of finger like pedicels

Back 35

glomerulus

Front 36

passive nonselective process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane

Back 36

glomerular filtration

Front 37

transepithelial process that begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal tubules

Back 37

tubular reabsorption

Front 38

reapsorption in reverse

Back 38

tubular secretion

Front 39

completely surrounds the glomerulus

Back 39

glomerular (bowman's)capsule

Front 40

many microvilli in these tubules

Back 40

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 41

impermeable to solutes, permeable to H2O

Back 41

descending limb of loop of henle

Front 42

permeable to solutes, not H2O

Back 42

ascending limb of loop of henle

Front 43

few microvilli in these tubules

Back 43

distal convoluted tubule

Front 44

glomerular capsule and enclosed glomerulus

Back 44

renal corpuscle

Front 45

receives urinefrom nephrons, coninuous w/ the ureter leaving the hilus, permeable to urea

Back 45

collecting duct

Front 46

small collecting depressions, branching extensions of the pelvis

Back 46

minor calyx

Front 47

larger collecting depressions, cup shaped areas that enclose papillae

Back 47

major calyx

Front 48

largest collecting depression, continuous w/ ureter leaving the hilus

Back 48

renal pelvis

Front 49

infection of renal pelis and calyces

Back 49

pyelitis

Front 50

inflammations that affect the entire kidney

Back 50

pyelonephritis

Front 51

transport urine from kidneys, 2 of them, retroperitoneal in location, 10in long, thickest where it enters bladder, .5in in diameter

Back 51

ureters

Front 52

important role in forming concentrated urine

Back 52

vasa recta

Front 53

continuous with lining of renal tubules and urinary bladder, secretes mucus to lubricate and protect ureter

Back 53

mucosa

Front 54

inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscle, lower 1/3 has 3rd longitudinal layer, muscular peristaltic waves ove urine,causes urine to spurt into bladder

Back 54

muscularis

Front 55

covering ureters external surface is typical fibrous connective tissue

Back 55

adventitia

Front 56

storage sac for urine, in females in contace with ureters and vagina, in males prostate gland is belw bladder

Back 56

urinary bladder

Front 57

apex is secured by this, it was once functional as a urethra

Back 57

urachus

Front 58

triangle region f ladder, many infections

Back 58

trigone

Front 59

3 layers of urinary bladder

Back 59

1.mucosa
2. detrusor muscle
3. serosa

Front 60

innermost layer of urinary bladder, stretches(transitional epithelium) have flaps over ureters to prevent backflow

Back 60

mucosa

Front 61

middle layer of urinary bladder, modified to form a sphicter at urethra

Back 61

detrusor muscle

Front 62

outermost layer of urinary bladder, only on superior surface, actually a continuation of peritoneum

Back 62

serosa

Front 63

conveys urine from urinary bladder to outside of body

Back 63

urethra

Front 64

muscularis sphincter of urethra, formed by detrusor muscle of urinary bladder, involuntary smooth muscle

Back 64

internal uretral sphincter

Front 65

muscularis sphincter of urethra, voluntary striated muscle

Back 65

external urethral sphincter

Front 66

females empty urine through this 1.5 in tube

Back 66

urethral orifice and then into vestibule between labia minor

Front 67

anterior to vagina an 2.5cm posterior of clitoris

Back 67

urethral orifice

Front 68

2.5 cm long, receives drainage from prostate gland and 2 ejaculatory ducts

Back 68

prostatic urethra

Front 69

0.5 cm in males, external urethral muscle is here

Back 69

membranous uethra

Front 70

15cm long, surrounded by erectile tissue

Back 70

penile urethra

Front 71

urination, act of emptying bladder 1200mL a day or 600-2500
capacity=700-800
micuturition reflex triggered=200-300, 10mL remain after emptying

Back 71

micturition

Front 72

urinary and reproductive systems both originate from this

Back 72

urogenital ridge

Front 73

2 systems share common structures in dev. and at birth they are separate, except in males urethra used for urine and semen

Back 73

urogenital ridge

Front 74

3 types of kidnes in human embryo

Back 74

1.pronephros
2.mesonephros
3.metanephros

Front 75

urinary system starts and finishes sooner than what system

Back 75

reproductive

Front 76

type of kidney in embryo..develops during 4th week of development, persists through 6th week, most superior, connected to cloaca(opening to outside of embryo) by pronephric duct, non-fxnl and degenerates, used by mesonephric kidney

Back 76

pronephros

Front 77

type of kidney in embryo.. develops at end of 4th week of development, functions throughout embryonic development

Back 77

mesonephro

Front 78

type of kidney in embryo, begins development durin 5th week of development, becomes fxnl at end of 8th week, urine is expelled into amnionic fluid

Back 78

metanephros

Front 79

initially drains urine, later reduced to a support for urinary bladder, may continue to pass urine out of umbilicus in newborn or old aged

Back 79

urachus

Front 80

medical specialty in urinary system

Back 80

urology

Front 81

analysis of urine for diagnosing health (pee in a cup)

Back 81

urinalysis

Front 82

common malformation of kidneys, 1/600 births

Back 82

horseshoe kidneys

Front 83

common malformation of kidneys, 1/200 births, both kidneys on 1 side

Back 83

unilateral

Front 84

in males only, urethra is open on underside of penis

Back 84

hypospadius

Front 85

in males only, urethra is open on upperside of penis

Back 85

hyperspadius/epispadius

Front 86

urinary bladder infection easily, especially in females because of short urethra (don't wipe back to front)

Back 86

cystitis

Front 87

renal pelvis infection

Back 87

pyelitis

Front 88

nephron infection

Back 88

nephritis

Front 89

inflammation of entire kidneys, may be successfully treated w/ antibiotic therapy

Back 89

pyelonephritis

Front 90

substance that is toxic to kidney, heavy metal, organic solvent, bacterial toxin

Back 90

nephrotoxin

Front 91

low urinary output <50mL/day, nephrons may cease to fxn, blood pressure in glomerulus may be too low

Back 91

anuria

Front 92

need to get up during night to urinate, very common in older people

Back 92

nocturia

Front 93

inability to control micturition voluntarily, normal in infants

Back 93

incontinence

Front 94

bed wetting, most common in young and old persons

Back 94

nocturnal enuresis

Front 95

bladder unable to expel its urine, treatment may require insertion of a catheter (rubber drainage tube)

Back 95

urinary retention

Front 96

kidney stones, crystalized calcium, magnesium or uric adic, caused by frequent bacterial infections, urinary retention, high concentrations of calcium in blood, alkaline urine, cranberry juice and large amts of water may reduce incidence

Back 96

renal caliculi

Front 97

viewing tube inserted into bladder, examines mucosal surface of bladder

Back 97

cystoscopy

Front 98

appetite for abnormal substances, indicates electrolyte deficiencies, chalk, clay,starch,burnt matches

Back 98

pica

Front 99

counteracts acidity, sodium bicaronate, used to manage heartburn

Back 99

antacid

Front 100

procedure to shatter caliculi

Back 100

shock wave lithotripsy

Front 101

hypersecretion of aldosterone by adrenal cortical cells accompanied by excessive loss of potassium and generalized muscular weakness

Back 101

conn's disease

Front 102

metabolic acidosis resulting from impaired renal reabsorption of bicarbonate, the urine is alkaline

Back 102

renal tubular acidosis