Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
definition
a fluid connective tissue is called |
blood
|
|
|
the cardiovascular system is made up of what?
|
1. heart (muscular pump)
2. blood vessels ( the pipes) 3. blood (fluid pumped by the heart thru vessels) |
|
|
the average male has how many liters of blood?
|
5-6 Liters
|
|
|
the average female has how many liters of blood?
|
4-5 Liters
|
|
|
the pH of blood is?
*basic |
7.35-7.45
|
|
|
the temperature of blood is?
|
100.4 F
|
|
|
the average temperature of body is ?
|
98.6 F
|
|
|
List the major functions of the blood *5
|
1. transport dissolved gases
2. transport nutrients (G, Lipids, Nucleotide, Ions) 3. maintain pH 4. Immunity (WBC) 5. Homeostasis (blood clotting) |
|
|
whole blood is made up of what?
Percentages ? |
Plasma 55%
and Formed elements 45% |
|
|
What is plasma made up of?
|
1. Dissolved gases
0xygen, and CO2 proteins other nutrients- Lipids, glucose, a.a Ions- Na, K, Ca |
|
|
plasma is approximately
1. _% water 2. _% proteins 3. _% other solutes |
1. 92
2. 7 3. 1 |
|
|
Name the three major plasma proteins
|
1. Albumins
2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogen |
|
|
the importance of Albumins?
|
1. they are the most abundant 60% of proteins found in plasma
2. Provide for blood volume and viscosity 3. generate osmotic pressure |
|
|
the importance of Globulins?
|
have immunoglobulins (antibody's)
-attack foreign substances that enter the body like bacteria and viruses |
|
|
importance of Fibrinogens
|
when activated will coagulate (clump together)
resulting in blood clotting |
|
|
how can fibrogens be removed?
|
by centrifugation
|
|
|
plasma minus fibrogens is called?
|
serum
|
|
|
what is hematocrit ?
|
the % of whole blood that is made up of formed elements
|
|
|
the formed elements include?
|
RBC
WBC Platelets |
|
|
What are the most numerous formed elements?
on average 1mL of whol blood contains 2?million They make up 3? 1/? of all cells in the body |
RBC
2. 5.4 million RBC 3. 1/3 |
|
|
RBC are unique how ?
|
1. they lack a nucleus and most other organelles
2. shape- biconcave disc to increase surface area fo the transport of dissolved gases accross their surface |
|
|
The function of RBC is to ?
|
transport Oxygen to cells
and transport CO2 away from cells |
|
|
define
a protein found in RBC that binds Oxygen and CO2 |
Hemoglobin
|
|
|
each RBC has about 280 million Hb molecules
each Hb molecule is made up of 1? protein subunits that contain 2? & ? |
1. 4
2. Heme and Iron (Fe) |
|
|
1. when does blood look red?
2. when does blood look blue? |
1. when heme is bound to Oxygen
2. when heme is bound to CO2 |
|
|
RBC lack organelles so therefore it cannot 1? and live only 2? days.
|
1. repair damage
2. 120 days |
|
|
define
1. remove worn out RBC 2. found in ? |
1. phagocytes
2. liver, spleen, bone marrow |
|
|
1. what is anemia?
2. what is pernicious anemia? |
1. Low iron (fe) - lacks Oxygen carrying capacity
2. Low B12 deficiency (energy) |
|
|
1. what is jaundice
|
bile is not secreted properly causing yellowing of skin
- in children , some DZ |
|
|
Leukocytes are what
2. they help body how ? |
1. WBC
2. help defend body against microbes, toxins, waste, pathogns 3. remove old damaged tissues and cells |
|
|
define
1. causes an immune respons e 2. bind to Antigens 8. born with it; attack any antigens 9. develop only after exposure to antigen |
1. antigen
2. antibody 8. nonspecific immunity (innate) 8. specific immunicty (acquired) |
|
|
how many classes of leukocytes are there?
they are broken up in to how many classes ? |
1. 5
2. 2 -Granulocytes(Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils) and Agranulocytes (Monocytes, Lymphocytes) |
|
|
A. contain lysosomes, cytoplasmic granules & nuclei
1. 1st one at injured site? 2. 2nd at injured site; reacts to allergic reactions (contains ? & ? ) 3. contains cytotoxic proteins (kill or lyse pathogens in infected cells) |
A. Granulocyte
1. Neutrophil 2. Basophil ( contain Histamine and Heparin) 3. Eosinophil |
|
|
define
1. a vasodialator that makes blood vessels more permeable - can cause allergic rxn symptoms & edema(swelling) 2. prevents blood clotting (so that more blood and WBC can go into infected area) *** both of these enhance the migration of leukocytes into inflamed site |
1. histamine
2. heparin |
|
|
define
1. are WBC that lack cytoplasmic granules, have nuclei 2. what are the two major classes |
1. agranulocytes
2. monocytes and lymphocyte |
|
|
1. what are the largest WBC
a. if they migrate into peripheral tissue its called? b. a are most numerous in "filter" organs like ? 2. both monocytes and macrophages are ? (like neutrophils) - increase when lots of cell damage 3. monocytes store the released ? from lysed RBC -also act as an antigen presenter how? |
1. monocytes
a. macrophage b. spleen, liver, lungs, lymph nodes (mononuclear phagocyte system) 2. phagocytic 3. iron - they process ingest material and present the antigen on the monocytes surface to a T-helper lymphocyte |
|
|
the 4 Leukocytes
(neutrophil, baso, eosino, and Monocyte/macrophage) can 1? , so they are reffered as the 2? (immune system) |
1. attack any foreign substance that invades the body
2. non specific immune system |
|
|
the fifth class unlike the other Leukocytes are called 1?
they make and secrete proteins called 2? that will 3? to the 4? invader and prevent it from 5? **this type makes up the 6? (immune system) |
1. Lymphocytes
2. antibodies 3. bind 4. specific 5. functioning 6. specific immune system |
|
|
definition
are not cells, but are cell fragments produced by very large cells. vesicle like bubbles of membrane containing numerous enzymes involved in clotting of blood |
platelets
|
|
|
definition
live in bone marrow and make and release platelets |
megakaryocytes
|
|
|
definition
1. blood clotting 2. preventing blood loss by clotting 3. production |
1. coagulation
2. hemostasis 3. poiesis |
|
|
steps to hemostasis
5 V P C C F |
1. vascular phase- damage
2. platelet phase- chemicals make blood sticky 3. coagulation phase- fibrin makes a plug 4. Clot retraction phase- actin and myosin pull vessel closed 5. fibrinolysis- plasmin dissolves the clot and opens the vessel up for blood flow |
|
|
steps to coagulation
4 T P T F |
1. release of thromboplastin- enzyme starts coagulation
extrinsic pathway: damaged BV-tissue thromboplastin intrinsic pathway: platelets- platelet thromboplastin 2. formation of prothrombinase 3. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin 4. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
|
|
1. what do these hormones have in common
Heparin, Coumadin, Coumarin, Warfarin 2. how do these anticoagulants work? |
are blood thinners
2. they block prothrombinase |
|
|
definition
1. membrane proteins that act as cell surface markers 2. proteins found in blood that can bind to 1 and clump them together, preventing them from circulating in the bloodstream |
1. antigens
2. antibody |
|
|
ex a person with type A blood has A surface antigens on her RBCs and anti B bodies in her plasma. if she receives type B blood upon transfusion, her antiB antibodies would react with the new blood cells and clot them.
|
This could stop blood flow in major organs and result in death
|
|
|
ex. if Rh- mother is exposed to blood from and Rh+ baby, she will develop 1? to the Rh surface antigen. This presents no risk to the mother because she has 2? however, if she becomes pregnant with an Rh+ in the future, these antibodies can cause a fatal cross reaction with the babys Rh+RBCs.
drug- Rhogam can prevent this |
1. antibodies
2. no Rh surface antige |
|
|
1. antigens and antibodies are both types of 1?
2. attack opposites ? 3. which blood type has no antigens 4. which blood is the universal acceptor? 5. which blood is the universal donor? 6. which blood has antiA antibody? 7. which has no antibody? 8. D surface antigens are known as what ? |
1. proteins
2. antibodys 3. type O 4. type AB 5. type 0 6. type B 7. type AB 8. type +positive |
|
|
definition
1. autonomic because of Leaky sodium channels 2. gap junctions are knowns as? 3. natural pacemaker = R.atrium produces Action Potential to start heartbeat 4. normal heart rate is? 5. depolarization happens much slower in which node? 6. the contraction phase of chamber 7. the relaxation phase of chamber |
1. cardiocyte
2. intercalated disc 3. SA node 4. 70-80 bpm 5. AV node 6. systole 7. diastole |
|
|
The heart is 1?, meaning it can contract w/o any stimulation from nerves.
The heart contains specialized cells in nodes that contain numbers of 2? that allow them to slowly drift towards threshold and fire 3? without any neurotransmitters. |
1. autorthymic
2. leaky sodium channels 3. action potentials |
|
|
Cardiac muscle cells called 1? are connected by specialized proteins that form 2? These allow an action potential to spread like a wave from one cell directly to another without synapses.
Even if all nerves to the heart are cut, as long as cardiocytes have enough 3?, ? & ?, it will continue to BEAT |
1. cardiocytes
2. intercalated discs (gap junctions) 3. oxygen, glucose, ions |
|
|
the natural pacemaker is called 1? it is located in the posterior area of the 2?
Generates action potentials faster than the 3? and sets the heart rate at about 4? Starts the ActionPotential > spreads thru 5? > travels from the base to the apex > (this forces blood thru 2 AV valves in the floor of the atria into the 6? to fill them) it also sends the AP thru the 7?, which connects the SA node to the AV node |
1. SA node
2. right atrial wall 3. AV node 4. 70 - 80 bpm 5. spreads thru-out the 2 atria 6. ventricles 7. internodal pathway |
|
|
This is located on the floor of the right atrium near the opening of the coronary sinus 1?
This node 2? slower; if its destroyed due to damage and the atria could not contract, the ventricles would still 3? and ? , but only about 4?bpm this is not efficient if 5? |
1. AV node
2. depolarizes 3. contract and pump blood 4. 60 bpm 5. the body is under stress (worry,excercise, excitment) |
|
|
Sequence of events of the conducting system
1. - 6. |
1. SA node autimatically depolarizes and spreads an AP thru atria
2. Atria contracts from the top>down while AP spreads thru internodal pathway 3. AP reaches AV node 4. AV node spreads AP to bundle of HIS and bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers spread AP thru ventricles 6. Ventricles contract from Apex upeard, blood is pumped to lungs and system |
|
|
A recording of the electrical events of the cardiac cycle1?
used to detect abnormal heart patterns called 2? A normal rhythm is called 3? |
1. Electrocardiogram ECG/ EKG
2. arrhythmias 3. sinus rhythm |
|
|
definition of electrical events
1. depolarization of ventricles 2. ventricular repolarization 3. depolarization occurs for contraction (atrial systole) 4. correct order? |
1. QRS complex
2. T wave 3. P wave 4. Pwave, QRS, Twave |
|
|
draw the EKG
|
:)
|
|
|
Cardiocytes are not electrically isolated, but have connections called 1? that allow 2? to flow 3? from one cardiocyte to the next
Cardiocyte AP last about 4? milliseconds The resting membrane potential is 5? Threshold is 6? |
1. intercalated discs
2. AP 3. directly 4. 250- 300 milliseconds 5. -90 millivolts 6. -75 millivolts |
|
|
steps of cardiocyte AP
D, P, R |
1. rapid depolarization- once threshold is reached, voltage gated sodium channels rapidly open and sodium dlows into the cell causing rapid depol to +30
2. Plateu phase- as the cardiocyte reaches +30, sodium channels open slowly, allowing K to slowly leak out. At the same time Ca channels open and slowly leak into cell, resulting in AP remaining constant at +30 mV 3. Repolarization- K channels open slowly to begin repol. This closes Ca channels and rapid repol occurs |
|
|
draw steps of cardiocyte AP
|
:)
|
|
|
When does blood fill a chamber, during 1?
when does blood empty from a chamber, during 2? 3. percentage of blood in chambers? |
1. diastole
2. systole 3. Diastole 70% Systole blood in ventricle fills 100% |
|
|
The events of the cardiac cycle
1. - 4. |
1. all chambers, relaxed, AV valves open, blood returning to Atria falls into Ventricles. SemiLunar valves are closed
2. Atrial systole occurs to complete filling the ventricles 3. ventricular systole occurs. the rising pressure of the ventricles shuts the AV valves and foces the SL valves open. Blood is pumped into pulmonary and aortic trunks 4. ventricles relax, all chambers are in diastole As pressure in the ventricles drops, the SL valves close, the AV valves open, the ventricles begin filling while all chambers are relaxed (back to step 1) |
|
|
Draw cardiac cycle
|
:)
|
|
|
what side is the pulmonary pump on 1?
this pumps blood to the 2? |
1. right
2. lungs |
|
|
ventricular activity ; AV valve action ; SL valve action
1. diastole ; 1? ; 2? 2. systole ; 3? ; 4? |
1. open 2. closed
3. closed 4. open |
|
|
what is the relationship btwn left ventricular pressure and left ventricular volume?
|
inverse relationship
opposites so one incr and other decr |
|
|
definition
small increase in pressure due to elastic rebound |
1. dicrotic notch
|
|
|
the process of listening to the sounds of the heart using a stethoscope 1?
the first heart sound, is produced by 2? the second heart sound is priduced by 3? |
1. auscultation
2. by the closure of the AV valve during ventricular contraction 3. by the closure of the SL valve during ventricular filling |
|
|
definitions
1. back flow of blood 2. sounds created by regurgitation; valves dont close 100% 3. improper closure of mitral (bicuspid) causing regurgitation |
1. regurgiation
2. heart murmur 3. mitral vlave prolapse |
|
|
the rate of the heartbeat must be sped or slowed down to meet the 1? demands of the bodes tissues
The study of the mechanisms and abilities of the heart to alter the volume of blood being pumped to tissues to meet changing demands is called 2? |
1. oxygen
2. cardiodynamics |
|
|
definitions
1. amount of blood ejected/pumped by heart over a period of time 2. amount of blood ejected during a ventricular contraction 3. number of beats over a period of time measured in minutes bpm |
1. cardiac outut
2. stroke volume 3. heart rate |
|
|
what kind of relationship btwn stroke volume and heart rate ?
|
direct relationship, if one goes up so does the other
|
|
|
the heart rate can increase to 1? up to 2?bpm
during strenuous exercise cardiac output can increase btwn 3?% , up to about 4?Liters per minute |
1. 2.5X average
2. 180-200 bpm 3. 300-500% 4. 30Liters per minute |
|
|
definition
__ is maximum CO - resting CO, or up to around 24L for a normal individual |
1. cardiac reserve
|
|
|
the normal heart rate is called 1 ? , which is set by the natural pacemaker (SA node)
resting rate is btwn 2? |
1. resting heart rate
2. 70-80 bpm |
|
|
Sympathetic neurons synapse on the nodes of the heart and release 1? which is the "2?" hormone from the adrenal medulla
*this hormone will increase heart rate and the force of contraction (therefore increasing SV), which will increase cardiac output |
1. NerEpinephrine
2. fight or flight |
|
|
cardiocytes of the SA and AV nodes will increase their permeability of cardiocytes to Ca, which increases the 1? of the contraction, which increases SV and CO
|
1. force and duration
|
|
|
Parasympathetic neurons synapse on the nodes of the heart and release 1? the "2?" hormone
this slows down heart rate, decreasing cardiac output *in the presence of this hormone, cardiocytes of the nodes will increase their permeability to 3? causing them to depolarize more slowly and with less force |
1. ACh Acetylcholine
2. "Rest and digest" 3. K potassium |
|
|
Name of center ; ANS nerves ; NT ; HR
Acceleratory 1? 2? 3? Inhibitor 4? 5? 6? |
1. sympathetic
2. NE 3. Increase HR 4. Parasympathetic 5. ACh 6. decrease HR |
|
|
There are pressure receptors (baroreceptors) and stretch receptors in the walls of the 1?, ?, & ?
The 2? adjusts the heart rate in response to increases in venous return (Increase blood flow) |
1. walls of the atria, carotid arteries, and aortic artery
2. atrial reflex |
|
|
the three hormones that affect heart rate are 1?
which one is released by cardiocytes of the atrial walls when overstretched due to increased blood pressure during resting periods. It targets kidney cells and increases 2?, ? ,& ? *urinating will decrease blood volume and blood pressure |
1. NE & E , thyroid hormones, ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
2. sodium, chlorine, water loss |
|
|
ions carrying electrical charges are called 1?
the resting heart rate is dependent upon normal concentrations of ?,?,? & ? |
1. electrolytes
2. Na, K, Cl, Ca |
|
|
definitions
1. too much of Ca 2. too little of Ca 3. too much K 4. too litle K 5. slow hr 6. fast hr |
1. hypercalcemia
2. hypocalcemia 3. hyperkalemia 4. hypokalemia 5. bradycardia 6. tachycardia |
|
|
if 100% of blood volume was pumped with each stroke there would be no way to increase 1. to meet increased oxygen demands during stress or exercise.
|
1. CO
|
|
|
definitions
1. volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole 2. volume of blood in left ventricle at the end of systole |
1. end diastolic volume EDV
2. end systolic volume ESV |
|
|
the blood filling the ventricle happens due to gravity is at 70% then the 30% is done by atrial contraction. if the atria are damaged, CO cannot be 100%
Instead it will be close to 1?% so stress and increased activity can increase tissue demands above CO and result in severe 2? (lack of oxygen) to heart and tissues |
1. 70%
2. ischemia |
