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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the –cephalon portions of the forebrain
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Telencephalon, Diencephalon
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Name the –cephalon portion of the midbrain
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Mecencephalon
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Name the –cephalon portions of the hindbrain
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Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
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What are the 2 parts of the autonomic system?
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Sympathetic (adrenergic), parasympathetic (cholinergic)
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What portion of the nervous system is responsible for conscious movement?
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Somatic NS
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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What 2 types of neurons comprise the PNS?
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Sensory, motor
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What are the collections of neurons called in the CNS?
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Nuclei
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What are the collections of neurons called in the PNS?
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Ganglia
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In the CNS, collections of axons are called ____________?
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Tracts
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In the PNS, collections of axons are called ____________?
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Nerves
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What are the 3 major levels of the CNS?
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Spinal cord, subcortical (lower) brain, cortical (higher) brain
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How many glia cells are in the CNS?
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Billions
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What types of circuits/reflexes are found in the spinal cord?
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Circuits: walking, withdrawal, support against gravity, organ function control
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What is the lower brain responsible for?
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Subconscious body activities
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True or false: The cortical level of the brain functions independent of the subcortical level
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False, the subcortical level is responsible for wakefulness
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Without the cortical level, the subcortical level would be ____________
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Imprecise
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Are CNS neurons capable of regeneration?
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No
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What are the 2 ways CNS neurons communicate
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Physical (electrical & gap junctions) & chemical (neurotransmitters) stimuli
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True or false: CNS neurons only have a 5 min reserve for energy
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False; CNS neurons have NO energy storage/reserve and require constant blood flow to survive
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Where are gap junctions primarily located?
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Smooth & cardiac muscle
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Chemical synapses allow _____________ transmission of signals
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One-way
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What 2 types of post-synaptic receptors in the CNS?
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Nicotinic & muscarinic
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What similarities do neurons share with other cells?
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Have a cell membrane, cytoplasm & mitochondria; contains genes; makes protein & energy
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True or false: Axons receive signals and dendrites deliver information
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False; Axons deliver, dendrites receive
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What is the soma?
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The main body of the neuron
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What part of the neuron is considered the sensory portion?
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The dendrites
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How many axons do neurons typically have?
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One
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Do dendrites conduct an action potential?
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No, they conduct electrical signals but not sufficient to elicit an action potential alone
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Will the neuron survive if the soma dies?
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No
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Where are the soma bodies found in the CNS?
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Gray matter
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Where are the soma bodies found in the PNS?
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In clusters called ganglia
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Which axon will conduct faster: a diameter of 0.2 nanometers or 20 nanometers?
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The larger one (20 nanometers)
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What are some termination points for axons?
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Dendrites/somas, muscles, or glands
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Where do electrical signals summate to produce an action potential in a neuron?
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Axon Hillock
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Why is the Axon Hillock the only place a neuron can produce an action potential?
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The bulk of Na-channels are located here (only place to produce adequate depolarization)
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What are the ends of the axon called where synapses occur?
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Boutons, buttons, small knobs, terminal buttons, end bulb, etc.
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What organelle is found in abundance at the end of the axon where synapses occur?
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Mitochondria
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What ion controls neurotransmitter release in the pre-synaptic membrane?
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Calcium
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What 2 two-receptor proteins are found in the post-synaptic?
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Ionophore (opens ion channel or activates 2nd messenger), binding component (attaches to transmitter)
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What kind of post-synaptic neuron are Na-channels?
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Excitatory
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What kind of post-synaptic neuron are Cl-channels?
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Inhibitory
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What is responsible for “memory” actions within a cell and allows long-term changes in neuronal activity?
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Second messengers
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What type of second messenger is used for 75% of transduced reactions within a cell?
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G-protein
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Which part of the G-protein is the activator portion, alpha, beta, or gamma?
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Alpha
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What 4 things do G-proteins perform in a cell?
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Open an ion channel, activate cAMP/cGMP, gene transcription, and activate intracellular enzymes
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Give some examples of small molecule neurotransmitters
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ACh, NE, Dopamine, serotonin, GABA, Glycine, Glutamate, NO
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Give some examples of Neuropeptides
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Endorphins, enkephalins, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), leutinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), vasopressin, prolactin
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What type of chemical neurotransmitter is rapidly acting, short in duration, with portions recycled for future use?
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Small molecules
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What type of chemical neurotransmitter is slow acting, more potent in effect but not recycled for future use?
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Neuropeptides
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How much a positive change in mV must occur within a neuron to elicit an action potential at the Axon Hillock?
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+20 mV change
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What 2 different types of summation are used for action potential initiation?
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Spatial (multiple dendrites converge to one signal) and temporal (successive excitation results in a stronger and stronger signal)
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What type of summation is post-tetantic/double burst stimulation?
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Temporal
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Why are dendrites unable to elicit action potentials when stimulated by a pre-synaptic neuron?
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1) Not enough Na-channels on dendrites & 2) “leaky membrane” causes exchanges of Cl (inhibitory) and K (excitatory) which reduces signal before arriving at the soma
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What is fatigue in a neuron?
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Exhaustion of stored neurotransmitter so that a reduction in excitability is noted (a precursor to the concept of down regulation)
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What technique do we use in anesthesia that allows us to examine the NMJ when fatigue hinders assessment?
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Post-tetanic TOF
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What is the minimum synaptic delay?
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0.5 ms
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What causes synaptic delay?
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The time from neurotransmitter release to the activation in the post-synaptic membrane
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What does acidosis do to neuronal activity?
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Depresses it (coma) – think pH down, decreased activity
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What does alkalosis do to neuronal activity?
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Excites it (seizures) – think pH up, increased activity
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What will result if hypoxic insult occurs to the brain for 3-7 seconds?
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Unconsciousness
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Why type of axon has faster conduction, myelinated or unmyelinated?
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Myelinated
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What types of cells form the myelination in the PNS?
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Schwann cells
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What type of cells form the myelination in the CNS
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Oligodendrocytes
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Which cell myelinates more than one axon?
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Oligodendrocytes
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Which type of cell myelinates only one axon?
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Schwann cells
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The axons in the CNS make up ___________ matter
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White
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The somas in the CNS make up ___________ matter
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Grey
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a destruction of what?
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The myelin sheath surrounding the neuron
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What are gaps in the myelin sheath called?
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Where are nerve impulses conducted, IN or AROUND, the nodes of Ranvier?
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In the gaps (nodes)
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What type of conduction does myelinated axons use?
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Salutatory conduction
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What is the most common classification of cell?
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Multipolar
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What type of neuron has several dendrites and only one axon (usually a motor neuron)?
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Multipolar
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What type of neuron has the soma in the middle, one process extending to be dendrites and one process extending to become and axon (usually a sensory neuron)?
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Bipolar
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What type of neuron has the soma body forming a “T” shape, has 2 axons on one end, and dendrites on the other?
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Unipolar (pseudounipolar)
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Where are unipolar neurons typically found?
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Outside the CNS in the posterior root ganglia of spinal/cranial nerves
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What functional classification are afferent neurons?
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Sensory
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What functional classification are efferent neurons?
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Motor
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What types of neurons are multipolar and are found entirely in the CNS?
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Interneurons or Association Neurons
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