A&p Section 1

Front 1

basis of life and the sum of all chemical processes in the body

Back 1

metabolism

Front 2

development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

Back 2

differentiation

Front 3

one phase of metabolism involving the building up of comples chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

Back 3

anabolism

Front 4

one phase of metabolism involving the breakdwon of complex dhemical substances into simpler components

Back 4

catabolism

Front 5

Fluid inside of cells is known as ______ fluid

Back 5

intracellular

Front 6

Fluid in spaces between cells is called ______.

Back 6

interstitial

Front 7

interstitial fluid surrounds and bathes cells and is one form of ___________ fluid

Back 7

extracellular

Front 8

extracellular fluid is located in _________vessels and _________ vessels.

Back 8

blood and lymphatic

Front 9

the __________ fluid is often called the body's 'internal enviroment'.

Back 9

interstitial

Front 10

subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

Back 10

symptoms

Front 11

objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

Back 11

signs

Front 12

brachial

Back 12

arm

Front 13

gluteal

Back 13

buttocks

Front 14

back of knee

Back 14

popliteal

Front 15

navel

Back 15

umbilical

Front 16

mouth

Back 16

oral

Front 17

sacrum, between hips

Back 17

sacral

Front 18

face

Back 18

facial

Front 19

foot

Back 19

pedal

Front 20

occiptial

Back 20

base of the skull

Front 21

pubis

Back 21

pubic

Front 22

frontal

Back 22

forehead

Front 23

cephalic

Back 23

head

Front 24

palmar

Back 24

palm

Front 25

cranial

Back 25

skull

Front 26

antebrachial

Back 26

forearm

Front 27

phalangeal or digital

Back 27

toes and/or fingers

Front 28

coxal

Back 28

hip

Front 29

tarsal

Back 29

ankle

Front 30

thoracic

Back 30

chest

Front 31

patellar

Back 31

kneecap

Front 32

cervical

Back 32

neck

Front 33

inguinal

Back 33

groin

Front 34

scapular

Back 34

shoulder blade

Front 35

orbital, ocular

Back 35

eye

Front 36

lumbar

Back 36

small of the back, loin

Front 37

femoral

Back 37

thigh

Front 38

mammary

Back 38

breast

Front 39

crural

Back 39

leg

Front 40

carpal

Back 40

wrist

Front 41

axillary

Back 41

armpit

Front 42

antecubital

Back 42

front of elbow

Front 43

dorsum

Back 43

top of foot

Front 44

hallux

Back 44

great toe

Front 45

manual

Back 45

hand

Front 46

pollex

Back 46

thumb

Front 47

sternal

Back 47

breastbone

Front 48

mental

Back 48

chin

Front 49

nasal

Back 49

nose

Front 50

buccal

Back 50

cheek

Front 51

otic

Back 51

ear

Front 52

temporal

Back 52

temple

Front 53

vertebral

Back 53

spinal column

Front 54

olecranal or cubital

Back 54

back of elbow

Front 55

perineal

Back 55

region between anus and exteranal genitals

Front 56

plantar

Back 56

sole

Front 57

calcaneal

Back 57

heel

Front 58

dorsum

Back 58

back of hand

Front 59

a body part being closer than another part to an imaginary midline dividing the body into
equal right and left halves. The eyes are ________ to the ears.

Back 59

MEDIAL

Front 60

a body part being closer to the side of the body than another part with respect to an
imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. The ears are ________ to the eyes.

Back 60

LATERAL

Front 61

a body part that is closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body
than another part. The knee is ________ to the foot.

Back 61

PROXIMAL

Front 62

a body part that is farther from the point of attachment or farther from the trunk of the
body than another part. The foot is ______ to the knee.

Back 62

DISTAL

Front 63

a body part that is more toward the front of the body than another part. The eyes are
_________ to the brain.

Back 63

ANTERIOR

Front 64

a body part that is above another part. The trunk is ________ to the legs

Back 64

SUPERIOR

Front 65

a body part that is below another part. The feet are ________ to the legs.

Back 65

INFERIOR

Front 66

a body part that is closer to the surface than another part. The skin is ___________ to the skeleton.

Back 66

SUPERFICIAL

Front 67

body part that is more internal and farther from the surface than another part. The skeleton is ______ to the skin.

Back 67

DEEP

Front 68

a body part that is on the opposite side of the body as compared to another part
with respect to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. The right arm and left leg are ____________.

Back 68

CONTRALATERAL

Front 69

on the same side of the body as another structure.

Back 69

ipsilateral

Front 70

divides the body into left and right portions

Back 70

SAGITTAL plane

Front 71

sgital section that passes through midline and divides the body into = parts

Back 71

MIDSAGITTAL

Front 72

section that lies parallel to the midsagital plane but to the right or left of midline
– it divides the body into unequalleft and right parts

Back 72

PARASAGITTAL

Front 73

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Back 73

A CORONAL or frontal plane

Front 74

___________ divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Back 74

A TRANSVERSE or cross-sectional plane

Front 75

a body part that is more toward the back of the body than another part. The brain is ________ to the eyes.

Back 75

POSTERIOR

Front 76

The ________cavity consist of the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.

c. Of the two body cavities, (the dorsal? ventral?) appears to be better protected by bone, d. Pleural, mediastinal, and pericardial are terms that refer to regions of het (thorax?
abdominopelvis?). v

Back 76

dorsal

Front 77

The viscera, including such structures as the liver, lungs, and stomach, are all located in the
_________ cavity.

Back 77

ventral

Front 78

Of the two body cavities, _________ appears to be better protected by bone,

Back 78

dorsal

Front 79

Pleural, mediastinal, and pericardial are terms that refer to regions of the __________.

Back 79

thorax

Front 80

the ________ cavity surrounds both lungs.

Back 80

pleural

Front 81

What are the organs of the mediastinum?

Back 81

heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, adn several large blood vessels

Front 82

The stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine are located in the _______ cavity.

Back 82

abdominal

Front 83

The urinary bladder, rectum, and internal reproductive organs are located in the ________ cavity.

Back 83

pelvic

Front 84

the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs?

Back 84

pleura

Front 85

the serous membran of the abdominal cavity?

Back 85

peritoneum

Front 86

the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity?

Back 86

pericardium

Front 87

the _________ pericardium covers the surface of the heart.

Back 87

visceral

Front 88

the ________ pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum

Back 88

parietal

Front 89

the _______ pleura clings to the surface of the lungs.

Back 89

visceral

Front 90

the _______ pleura lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm

Back 90

parietal

Front 91

the _______ peritoneum lines the abdominal wall.

Back 91

parietal

Front 92

the _______ peritoneum covers the surfaces of abdominal viscera

Back 92

viscera

Front 93

The brain and meninges are in the ________ cavity.

Back 93

Cranial

Front 94

The dorsal cavity consist of the ___________ cavity and __________ canal.

Back 94

Cranial and vertebral

Front 95

The spinal cord and meninges are in the __________ canal.

Back 95

Vertebral

Front 96

The Lungs, heart, and pericardium is in the ___________ cavity which is in the ________ body cavity.

Back 96

Thoracic; ventral

Front 97

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are in the ___________ body cavity.

Back 97

Ventral

Front 98

From superior to inferior, the three abdominal regions on the right side are _______, _______, and _______.

Back 98

R. hypochondriac, R. lumbar, R. Iliac

Front 99

The stomach is located primarily in the two regions named ___ and ___.

Back 99

Umbilical and epigastric

Front 100

The navel (umbilicus) is located in the ___ region.

Back 100

Umbilical

Front 101

The region immediately superior to the urinary bladder is named the ___ region.

Back 101

Umbilical

Front 102

Name the 11 organ systems?

Back 102

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive

Front 103

the base structural and functional unit of life

Back 103

the cell

Front 104

a structure that defines the boundaries of the cell, controls the passage of materials into and out of it, and controls interactions with other cells.

Back 104

A PLASMA MEMBRANE,

Front 105

tiny structures with in the cells each with specific functions

Back 105

ORGANELLES

Front 106

clear fluid within the cells

Back 106

CYTOSOL

Front 107

What is the vapor pressure for JP-5 at normal room temperatures and at standard atmospheric pressure?

Back 107

Almost 0 psi.

Front 108

The PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE is
composed primarily of?

Back 108

phospholipids and some proteins

Front 109

The phospholipid of the cell membrane are arranged in _A_ layers with their _B_ fatty acid tails to the interior of the membrane and their _C_ polar heads on the inner and outer surfaces.

Back 109

A. two
B. hydrophobic
C. hydrophilic

Front 110

Proteins of The PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE

Back 110

> Integral (transmembrane)
> peripheral

Front 111

PROTEINS that do not protrude into the phospholipid layer of the cell membrane but adhere to the intracellular face
of the membrane.

Back 111

PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

Front 112

PROTEINS that pass through the entire cell membrane.

Back 112

INTEGRAL (TRANSMEMBRANE) PROTEINS

Front 113

Some of the phospholipids and integral proteins have _____ chains attached to them forming glycolipids and glycoproteins.

Back 113

carbohydrate

Front 114

_________ bind one cell to another.

Back 114

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Front 115

In the cell membrane __________ are constantly open to allow passage of various solutes all the time.

Back 115

Channel proteins

Front 116

In the cell membrane _________ catalyze reactions near the membrane.

Back 116

Enzymes

Front 117

__________ provide receptor sites for chemical messengers such as hormones and neurotransmitters.

Back 117

membrane proteins

Front 118

in the cell membrane _________ open and close to regulate the passage of various solutes.

Back 118

Gated channels

Front 119

___A____ are proteins that pull membrane proteins and cause cellular movement. They tend to be ____B___ proteins.

Back 119

A. Motor molecules
B. peripheral

Front 120

In the cell membrane, _________function in cellular identification.

Back 120

Glycoproteins

Front 121

_________ are integral proteins that bind to specific molecules and transport them to the other side
of the cell membrane.

Back 121

carrier proteins

Front 122

Minute body found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division.

Back 122

Centriole

Front 123

Tiny, hairlike projections on cell surfaces that move in a wavelike manner

Back 123

Cilia

Front 124

Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes).

Back 124

Chromatin

Front 125

Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division.

Back 125

Chromosomes

Front 126

Membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell that is free of ribosomes.

Back 126

smooth ER

Front 127

Membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell studded with ribosomes.

Back 127

rough ER

Front 128

Membranous system close to the cell nucleus that packages protein secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes.

Back 128

Golgi apparatus

Front 129

Organelles that originate from the Golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes

Back 129

Lysosomes

Front 130

Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption

Back 130

Microvilli

Front 131

Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities

Back 131

Mitochondria

Front 132

The double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus

Back 132

Nuclear envelope

Front 133

four true stages of the cell cycle

Back 133

G1, S, G2, and M

Front 134

fifth stage of the cell cycle where the cell remains indefinitely until it begins the cell cycle again.

Back 134

G0

Front 135

Cells begins the cell cycle by entering _________ where the cell prepares for division by duplicating DNA.

Back 135

Interphase

Front 136

In _______, the duplicated chromosomes appear, and then split into identical halves. The nuclear membrane disappears and spindle fibers form in the cytomplasm, radiating from the two centrioles located at opposite poles of the cell.

Back 136

prophase

Front 137

In _________, the spindle fibers pull the centromeres, aligning them in the middle of the spindle, or the equatorial plate of the cell. The two chromatids are clearly visible in this stage.

Back 137

metaphase

Front 138

In ______ the centromeres split, pulling sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell. By the end of, 46 chromosomes lie at each side of the cell.

Back 138

anaphase

Front 139

In _________, a nuclear membrane forms around a group of 46 chromosomes. The spindle fibers disappear, and the chromosomes uncoil.

Back 139

telophase

Front 140

_______ tissues cover all body surfaces, line most internal surfaces of passageways or tubes, and are
the major tissues of glands.

Back 140

EPITHELIAL

Front 141

The underside of this tissue is always anchored to connective tissue by a thin, noncellular layer called the basement membrane.

Back 141

EPITHELIAL

Front 142

_________ tissues lack blood vessels

Back 142

epithelial

Front 143

three major types of epithelium based on the number of cell layers in each type:

Back 143

1. Simple epithelium
2. Stratified epithelium
3. Pseudostratified epithelium

Front 144

Type of epithelial consisting of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface.

Back 144

Simple epithelium

Front 145

Type of epithelial consisting of more than one layer of cells, only one of which is adjacent to the basement membrane.

Back 145

Stratified epithelium

Front 146

Type of epithelial consisting of epithelial cells that are all attached to the basement membrane, but only some of the cells reach the free surface.

Back 146

Pseudostratified epithelium

Front 147

three types of epithelium based on the epithelial cell shapes:

Back 147

1. Squamous (flat)
2. Cuboidal (cubelike)
3. Columnar (tall and thin, similar to a column)

Front 148

These type of epithelial cells are flat or scale-like, and frequently look like floor tiles.

Back 148

Squamous (flat)

Front 149

These type of epithelial cells are cube-shaped, and are about as wide as they are tall.

Back 149

Cuboidal (cubelike)

Front 150

These type of epithelial cells are taller than they are wide.

Back 150

Columnar (tall and thin, similar to a column)

Front 151

________ tissues bind structures together, provide support and protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, and help repair tissue damage.

Back 151

Connective

Front 152

_________ tissue cells are usually spaced farther apart than epithelial cells, and they have an abundance of intercellular material, or matrix, between them.

Back 152

Connective

Front 153

T or F: Connective tissue cells are usually able to divide and replace themselves.

Back 153

True

Front 154

T or F: Connective tissue do not have good blood supplies and are not well nourished.

Back 154

False

Front 155

connective tissues, such as _____ and ______, are quite rigid.

Back 155

bone, cartilage

Front 156

_________ connective tissue, ______ tissue, and _________ connective tissue are more flexible.

Back 156

Loose fibrous, adipose, dense fibrous

Front 157

A muscle tissue's response to stimuli results in ________.

Back 157

contraction

Front 158

THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE:

Back 158

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Front 159

__________ MUSCLE is found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes, the internal muscles of the eye, the
walls of blood vessels, and other areas.

Back 159

Smooth

Front 160

________ MUSCLE, with its associated connective tissue, constitutes about 40% of the body's weight and is responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture, respiratory movements, and many other body movements.

Back 160

Skeletal

Front 161

Skeletal muscle is under voluntary, or conscious, control by the ________

Back 161

nervous system

Front 162

functions of Smooth muscle

Back 162

> propelling urine through the urinary tract
> mixing food in the stomach and intestine
> dilating and constricting the pupils
> regulating the flow of blood through blood vessels

Front 163

Nervous tissue consists of ______ (nerve cells) and ________ cells.

Back 163

neurons, neuroglial

Front 164

the functional cells of nervous
tissue

Back 164

neurons

Front 165

Neurons consist of three principal parts:

Back 165

the soma, dendrites, and one axon or nerve fiber

Front 166

In a neuron, ______ contains the nucleus

Back 166

soma

Front 167

In a neuron, _______ receive information and transmit it towards the soma.

Back 167

dendrites

Front 168

In a neuron, ______ transmits information away from the soma.

Back 168

axon

Front 169

Functions of Neuroglial cells

Back 169

detect stimuli, respond, and transmit information to other cells

Front 170

Functions of the skin

Back 170

> covers the body and protects underlying parts
> regulate body temperature
> Its vessels serve as a blood reservoir for the body
> produces vitamin D required for calcium metabolism

Front 171

Skin Layers: Superficial to deep

Back 171

> epidermis
> dermis
> Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Front 172

epidermis is made up of _______ epithelium

Back 172

stratified squamous

Front 173

a waterproof protein produced by keratinocytes of the epidermis

Back 173

keratin

Front 174

The pigment, ______ is responsible for skin color that also protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation in the sunlight.

Back 174

melanin

Front 175

a red pigment in red blood cells

Back 175

Hemoglobin

Front 176

a yellow-orange pigment

Back 176

carotene

Front 177

DERMIS is mostly ________ tissue

Back 177

dense connective

Front 178

three main types of fibers of the dermis

Back 178

1. Collagenous fibers
2. Elastic fibers
3. reticular fibers

Front 179

Fibers of the dermis are secreted by ________ cells.

Back 179

fibroblast

Front 180

Hair, Sweat (sudoriferous) glands, Sense organs, Blood vessels and nerve fibers are found in which layer of the skin?

Back 180

dermis

Front 181

What layer of the skin is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose, which helps to insulate and give the body a rounded appearance.

Back 181

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Front 182

Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one

Back 182

Osmosis

Front 183

Passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter

Back 183

Filtration

Front 184

The spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles.

Back 184

Diffussion

Front 185

Membrane transport processes for which ATP is provided, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis.

Back 185

Active Transport

Front 186

Means by which fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter cells, e.g., phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Back 186

Endocytosis

Front 187

Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

Back 187

Exocytosis

Front 188

If the concentration of molecules is different in 2 regions, ________ will cause molecules to move from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration

Back 188

diffusion

Front 189

Simple diffusion across a membrane is called _________?

Back 189

permeability