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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nervous system serves to:
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1. Coordinate activities of other body systems to allow smooth function.
2. Enables detection of stimuli (changes in or outside of body) 3. Responds to stimuli detected. |
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Divisions of nervous system
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1. Central Nervous System or CNS
2. Peripheral Nervous System or PNS |
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Central Nervous System is composed of...
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The brain and the spinal cord
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Nerve Tissue is one of the primary tissues of the body. It is composed of...
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Neurons.
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Neurons are highly specialized cells designed to receive and transmit ________.
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Impulses
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Neurons are different from all other cells in that the cytoplasm has long,
threadlike extensions. These extensions are broken up into two groups called... |
1. Axon
2. Dendrites |
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If the cell body of a neuron is destroyed, then the whole cell ____.
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Dies
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Collections of neuron cell bodies. Many are located just outside the spinal cord
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Ganglia
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The only areas in the body where neurons are located.
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1. Gray matter of the brain
2. Spinal cord 3. Ganglia |
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The distal ends of axons release chemical substances called...
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Neurotransmitters.
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Many axons of the PNS are covered with two sheaths. those sheaths are...
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1. Myelin sheath
2. Neurilema |
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The inner layer of the sheath around an axon is the...
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Myelin sheath
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A lipid substance that insulates and speeds the conduction of nerve impulses. also gives the white color to the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
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Myelin sheath
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If the myelin sheath deteriorates along the axons of the CNS the condition known as __________________ develops.
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Neurons without a myelin sheath are known as...
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Grey matter
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Outer cell sheath important in the repair of injured neurons.
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Neurilema
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Nerve fibers in the CNS do not have _________, and when destroyed, will not regenerate.
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Neurilema
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All peripheral nerves have _________, the sheathing that allows them to repair injuries to the axons and dendrites.
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Neurilema
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The cells which protect and support the neurons are the ___________.
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Glial Cells
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A large bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue.
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Nerve
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The only PURELY sensory nerve is the...
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Optic Nerve
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The _______________ transmit messages from the periphery to the CNS (brain and spinal cord) as pain, touch, temperature, & visceral sensations. Also muscle senses such as position and movement of the body in space.
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Afferent Nerves
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Sensory nerves ais another name for...
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Afferent nerves
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Motor nerves is another name for...
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Efferent Nerves
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True or False: There are no PURELY motor nerves because the nerves must
carry some sensory message to perform correctly. |
True
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Transmit information (or impulses) from the CNS to the structures (muscles) that must perform.
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Efferent Nerves
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The contact point between neurons is called a _______.
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Synapse
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Bundles of axons located within the CNS (Central Nervous System) are not referred to as nerves, they are referred to as...
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Tracks or Pathways
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Masses of cell bodies located within the CNS are referred to as...
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Nuclei
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The path of a typical nerve conduction.
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1. Reception - Receive sensory input
2. Transmission - Transmit impulse to CNS 3. Integration - Formulate response 4. Transmission - Transmit impulse to muscle. 5. Response - muscle reacts |
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The brain is a ______ organ. It's fluid filled spaces are called _________.
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1. Hollow
2. Ventricles |
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The __________ is at the base of the brain.
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Brain Stem
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The Brain Stem is made up of...
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1. The Medulla (also Medulla Oblongata)
2. The Pons 3. The Midbrain |
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Continuous with the spinal cord, made up of white and grey matter,
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Medulla or Medulla Oblongata
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All nerve conduction's from the brain or to the brain MUST pass through the...
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Medulla or Medulla Oblongata
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The Medulla contains centers that regulate...
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1. Heartbeat
2. Respiration 3. Blood Pressure |
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Most of the motor fibers cross in the Medulla. This is why the _____ side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice-versa.
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Right
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Pons
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A bridge to the rest of the brain, nerve fibers pass through it.
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Regulates visual and auditory reflexes. also "Righting" reflex is located there.
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Midbrain
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The part of the brain between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
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Diencephalon
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The diencephalon contains the...
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1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus |
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Sorts and partially interprets some sensory messages before relaying them to the cerebrum. A major relay center for all sensory information except smell.
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Thalamus
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Lies below the Thalamus. The optic chiama (crossing) is here.
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Hypothalamus
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Control center for the autonomic nervous system; stimulation will reduce heart rate.
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One of the functions of the Hypothalamus.
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Link between the endocrine and nervous systems. Produces several hormones that regulate secretion of other hormones. Also secretes ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytoxin.
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One of the functions of the Hypothalmus.
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Helps maintain fluid balance; ADH regulates volume of water excreted by kidneys.
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One of the functions of the Hypothalmus.
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Regulates body temperature.
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One of the functions of the Hypothalmus.
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Appetite and Satiety (fullness) Center; regulates food intake.
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One of the functions of the Hypothalmus.
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Influences sexual behavior and emotional aspects of sensory input (helps decide pleasant or painful experiences).
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One of the functions of the Hypothalmus.
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Second largest part of the brain. Concerned with movement; as with muscle tone, coordination, and equilibrium.
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Cerebellum
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Three main functions of the cerebellum.
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1. Makes movement smooth and coordinated.
2. Helps maintain muscle tone and posture. 3. Helps maintain equilibrium. |
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Largest and most prominent part of the brain.
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Cerebrum
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Cerebrum is divided into two halves by a longitudinal fissure. these halves are known as ___________.
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Hemispheres
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The cerebrum is the center for...
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1. Intellect
2. Memory 3. Language 4. Consciousness 5. Receives and interprets sensory info from all sense organs 6. Controls motor functions. |
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The cerebrum is divided into 5 areas or LOBES. These lobes are...
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1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe 3. Temporal lobe 4. Occipital lobe 5. Limbic lobe |
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The lobe that controls written and motor speech -- controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles -- higher levels of mental function.
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Frontal lobe
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Lobe of the cerebrum that controls the senses.
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Parietal lobe
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lobe of the cerebrum that controls vision.
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Occipital lobe
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The mass of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.
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Corpus Callosom
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Located between the cerebrum and inner brain.
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Limbic system
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Controls many reflex activities of the body and transmits information to and from the nerves of the PNS to the brain.
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Spinal Cord
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Three layers of connective tissue protect the brain and spinal cord, they are...
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1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid layer 3. Pia mater |
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A thin membrane that adheres to the brain and spinal cord containing many blood vessels.
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Pia mater
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Thin spider web delicate membrane that is between the pia mater and the dura mater.
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Arachnoid layer
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Tough outer layer of covering for the brain and spinal cord; blood vessels for blood leaving the brain are in this layer.
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Dura mater
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Taken collectively, the three layers of connective tissue protecting the brain and spinal cord are known as the ________.
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Meninges
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Inflammation of the meninges is know as __________.
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Meningitis
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____________ is inflammation of the brain.
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Encephalitis
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Produced by clusters of capillaries (the choroids plexuses) in the ventricles. It is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that fills the ventricles of the brain and the sub-arachnoid layer of the meninges.
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Two main functions of cerebrospinal fluid are...
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1. Provides cushion of fluid for protection of brain and spinal cord
2. Aids in exchange of nutrients and waste between CNS and bloodstream. |
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Sensory stimulation goes to spinal cord and motor impulse is immediate. Protective reflex -- rapid and difficult to stop.
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First Level Reflex
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Second Level Reflex
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Impulses travel as high as the brain stem. Protective -- as in gasping, vomiting, coughing.
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Learned or coordinated reflex action. Bladder and bowel control, and simple job skills.
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Third Level Reflex
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is divided into two divisions. Those divisions are...
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1. The Somatic Division
2. The Autonomic Division |
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The Somatic division of the PNS consists of...
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1. 12 pairs of cranial nerves
2. 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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Cranial Nerve I.
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Olfactory Nerve -- Smell (sensory)
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Cranial Nerve II.
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Optic Nerve -- Vision (sensory)
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Cranial Nerve III.
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Oculomotor -- Eye Movements (motor)
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Cranial Nerve V.
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Trigerminal -- Opthalmic branch
Maxillary branch Mandibular branch Sensory -- Head and face Motor -- Movement of mandible |
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Cranial Nerve VIII.
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Vestibulocochlear -- Cochlear division
Vestibular division Sensory -- Conduct impulses related to hearing -- Conduct impulses related to balance. |
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Cranial Nerve X.
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Vagus Nerve -- Only cranial nerve to extend beyond head and neck
Somatic motor function; parasympathetic function; speech |
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Emerge from the vertebral column and branch. Each contains a dorsal (posterior) root and a ventral (anterior) root
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Spinal Nerves
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Dorsal Root
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Receives sensory information
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Ventral Root
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Carries motor impulses to muscles and glands
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All Spinal nerves are mixed nerves. This means they contain both ________ (sensory) and ________ (motor) fibers.
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Afferent and Efferent
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A Plexus (plural Plexuses) are tangles of ______ from all the spinal nerves involved.
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Fibers
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Four main plexuses are...
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1. Cervical Plexus
2. Brachial Plexus 3. Lumbar Plexus 4. Sacral Plexus |
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In regard to Plexuses: Works with neck, shoulders, head. The phrenic nerve which sends impulses to the diaphragm is in this group.
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Cervical Plexus
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In regard to plexuses: where the nerves to the upper arm (such as the radial and ulnar nerves) arise.
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Brachial Plexus
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In regard to plexuses: Supplies lower abdominal wall, buttock, thigh, & genital area. The femoral nerve arises from this area.
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Lumbar Plexus
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In regard to plexuses: Supplies thigh, leg, and foot. Sciatic nerve (largest nerve in the body) arises from here.
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Sacral Plexus
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The Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two subsystems, they are...
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1. The Sympathetic System
2. The Parasympathetic System |
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This system prepares the body for "fight or flight".
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Sympathetic System
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The sympathetic system contains fibers that release both _____________ and _____________, but primarily _____________. They are ________ fibers.
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1. Acetylcholine
2. Norepinephrine 3. Norepinephrine 4. Adnergic |
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Effect of the Sympathetic system on the heart (cardiovascular system)
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Increases rate and strength of beat.
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Effect of the Sympathetic system on
the bronchi (Respiratory system) |
Increases respiration rate and dilates bronchi
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Effect of the Sympathetic system on the eye
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Dilates iris
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Effect of the Sympathetic system on the blood vessels (circulatory system)
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Dilates major vessels to supply blood to muscles but constricts thos not needed for fight or flight, such as the skin.
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Effect of the Sympathetic system on the intestines (digestive system)
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Decreases or stops peristalsis (movement of food along system)
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Effect of the Sympathetic system on the bladder.
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Relaxes sphincter muscles
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Parasympathetic system releases ___________. it is made up of ______________ fibers.
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1. Acetylcholine
2. Cholinergic |
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The majority of the Parasympathetic system is composed of fibers from the _____ Nerve.
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Vagas Nerve
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The system that is in control of the body when it is at rest and calm.
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Parasympathetic system
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The effect of the Parasympathetic system tends to _______ the effects of the Sympathetic system.
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Reverse
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The normal glucose range of the blood is...
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70 - 100
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The eye is divided into three layers, they are...
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1. Fibrous sclera and cornea
2. Choroids layer 3. Retina |
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known as the "white of the eye"
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The Sclera
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Made of tough fibrous tissue with many nerve endings. covers the entire eyeball except the Anterior colored portion (iris) and pupil.
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The sclera
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The sclera is covered with a moist mucous membrane that extends up from the lining of the inner layer of the eyelids.This membrane is called the ___________.
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Conjunctiva
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Also know as the "window of the eye", this transparent layer covers the iris and pupil and allows light to pass through.
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The Cornea
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in regards to the eye: Made of black pigment cells that absorb light so none is reflected back out of the eye. Highly vascular to nourish the retina.
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The Choroid Layer
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Colored part of the eye. Made of smooth muscle tissue and functions to regulate light entering the eyeball.
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The Iris
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The black spot in the center of the eye. Contracts and expands in relation to light intensity.
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The Pupil
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Refracts (bends) light so that it can be focused on the retina. Filled with Aqueous Humor (watery fluid the helps maintain pressure in the eyeball) Located at the rear of the anterior chamber of the eyeball
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The Lens
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The lens is attached to the _______________ by tiny fibers that make up the ____________________.
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1. Ciliary Muscles
2. Suspensory Ligaments |
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The Posterior Chamber of the eyeball is filled with ____________
(a jelly - like substance) which gives the eyeball its round shape and aids in refraction. |
Vitreous Humor
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Innermost layer of the eye. Contains the sensory receptors that transmit signals to the optic nerve. The light sensitive area of the eye.
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The Retina
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Sensory receptor of the eye responsible for color vision and daytime vision.
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Cones
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The rods of the retina are concentrated in an area of the retina known as the _____. A small depression in the center of the posterior region of the retina.
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Fovea
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Sensory receptors of the eye responsible for vision in dim light or darkness.
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Rods
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The optic disc or "blind spot" of the eye is where...
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The optic nerve forms (attaches)
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The automatic (controlled by the autonomic nervous system) process of changing the shape of the lens in the eye to focus light on the retina is called...
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Accomodation
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There is only one Axon for every neuron but there may be many dendrites. This is because they perform different functions, those functions are...
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1. Axon - This fiber transmits stimuli AWAY from the cell body, or toward muscles, glands, etc...
2. Dendrites - These fibers transmit stimuli TOWARD the cell body or from sensory cells. |
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Neurotransmitters conduct impulses from one neuron to another. the axon transfers its impulse to a...
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Dendrite of another neuron.
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The medulla is a reflex center for...
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1.Vomiting
2. Coughing 3. Sneezing 4. Swallowing Also known as the Cardiac Center, Vasomotor Center, and Respiratory Center |
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Olfactory Nerve -- Smell (sensory)
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Distributed to the nasal mucous membrane
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Optic Nerve -- Vision (sensory)
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Distributed to the retina
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Oculomotor -- Eye Movements (motor)
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Distributed to most of the eye muscles
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Trigerminal -- Opthalmic branch
Maxillary branch Mandibular branch Sensory -- Head and face Motor -- Movement of mandible |
Distributed to skin of face, tongue, teeth
Distributed to muscles of mastication (chewing) |
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Vestibulocochlear -- Cochlear division
Vestibular division Sensory -- Conduct impulses related to hearing -- Conduct impulses related to balance. |
Distributed to internal auditory meatus and inner ear
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Vagus Nerve -- Only cranial nerve to extend beyond head and neck
Somatic motor function; parasympathetic function; speech |
Distributed to Pharynx, Larynx, Heart, lungs, Esophagus, Stomach, Abdominal Viscera.
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The three parts of the ear are...
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1. External
2. Middle 3. Inner |
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External ear parts
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1. Pinna
2. External Auditory Canal 3. Tympanic Membrane |
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Part of the ear that projects from the side of the head. Collects sounds and channels them into the external auditory canal.
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Pinna
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Leads to middle ear. Lined with ceruminous glands that secrete cerumen (ear wax) and tiny hairs. The cerumen and hairs help protect lining of ear from infection.
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External Auditory Canal
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Also called eardrum. Seperates external and middle ear. Vibrates to transmit sound waves to the middle ear and should be intact (no tears or holes).
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Tympanic Membrane
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Small moist AIR FILLED cavity that houses the ossicles.
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Middle Ear
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Small tube that connects the middle ear to the throat. Equalizes pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane. Bacteria from a sore throat can travel up this tube and cause an ear infection.
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Eustachian Tube
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Three small bones that form what is collectively known as the ossicles.
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1. Malleus (Hammer)
2. Incus (Anvil) 3. Stapes (Stirrup) |
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Connected to the stapes (stirrup) this moves back and forth and transmits sound waves to the inner ear.Divides the middle and inner ear.
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Oval Window
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The bone of the ossicles next to the tympanic membrane.
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Malleus (Hammer)
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The bone of the ossicles located between the Hammer and Stirrup.
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Incas (Anvil)
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The bone of the ossicles next to the oval window.
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Stapes (Stirrup)
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The inner ear is a bony labrynth with three compartments, they are...
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1. Vestibule
2. Chochlea 3. Semicircular Canals |
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Lies next to the oval window and relays changes in body position at rest and sudden movement.
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Vestibule
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Snail shaped part of inner ear. Houses the organs of corti (sound receptors) Cochlear nerve transmits message to brain.
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Cochlea
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Also called the Membraneous Labrynth. Contains endolymph. Essential to sense of balance.
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Semicircular Canals
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Entire Bony Labrynth (inner ear) filled with fluid called _________.
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Perilymph
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