A&p Revised Chapter 4

Front 1

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts.

Back 1

epithelial tissue

Front 2

forms glands

Back 2

epithelial tissue

Front 3

protects and supports the body and its organs

Back 3

connective tissue

Front 4

bing organs together

Back 4

connective tissue

Front 5

what tissue

store energy reserves as fat

Back 5

connective tissue

Front 6

help provide immunity to disease causing organisms

Back 6

connective tissue

Front 7

gnereates the physical force needed to make body structures move

Back 7

muscular tissue

Front 8

generate heat

Back 8

muscular tissue

Front 9

detects change in variety of conditions inside and outside the body

Back 9

nervous tissue

Front 10

responds by generating action potentials that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions

Back 10

nervous tissue

Front 11

superficial, thinner portion, composed of epitherlial tissue

Back 11

epidermis

Front 12

deeper, thicker connective tissue portion

Back 12

dermis

Front 13

what layer of skin

deep to the dermis but not part of the skin is

Back 13

subcutaneous layer

Front 14

what layer of skin

consists of areolar and adipose tissues

Back 14

subcutaneous layer

Front 15

layer of skin

attaches to underlying fascia, the connective tissue around muscles and bones

Back 15

subcutaneous layer

Front 16

what layer of skin

serves of a storage depot for fat

Back 16

subcutaneous layer

Front 17

layer of skin


contains large blood vessels that suply the skin

Back 17

subcutaneous layer

Front 18

layer of skin
contains nerve endings

Back 18

subcutaneous layer

Front 19

what layer of skin

contains keratinocytes

Back 19

epidermis

Front 20

keratinocytes are arranged in four or five layers and produce

Back 20

a protein

Front 21

what does keratin do

Back 21

protects underlying tissues

Front 22

what layer contains melanocytes?

Back 22

epidermis

Front 23

what layer contains langerhan cells?

Back 23

epidermis

Front 24

contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light

Back 24

melanin

Front 25

what do langerhans do?

Back 25

participate in immune responses

Front 26

what layer contains merkel cells?

Back 26

epidermis

Front 27

what do merkel cells do?

Back 27

function in the sensation of touch

Front 28

deepest layer of the dermis

Back 28

stratum basale

Front 29

layer in the dermis

composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

Back 29

stratum basale

Front 30

layer in the dermis

some cells in this layer are stem cells

Back 30

stratum basale

Front 31

layer in the dermis

undergo cell division to produce new keratinocytes

Back 31

stratum basale

Front 32

layer in the dermis

superficial to the stratum basale is the..

Back 32

stratum spinosum

Front 33

what layer in the dermis

contains langerhan cells?

Back 33

stratum spinosum

Front 34

dermis layer

shrink and pull apart so that they seem to be covered with thornlike spines

Back 34

stratum spinosum

Front 35

epidermis layer

the middle of the epidermis is the

Back 35

stratum granulosum

Front 36

epidermis layer

little grains

Back 36

stratum granulosum

Front 37

epidermis layer

consists of 3 to 5 layers of flat keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis. (cell death where the nucleus dies before the cell dies)

Back 37

stratum granulosum

Front 38

epidermis layer

presence of keratohyalin

Back 38

stratum granulosum

Front 39

epidermis layer

contain llamellar granules

Back 39

stratum granulosum

Front 40

epidermis layer

the nuclei and other organelles of these cells begin to degernerate and tonofilaments become more apparent

Back 40

stratum granulosum

Front 41

lamellar granules release a

Back 41

lipid-rich secretion

Front 42

layer that means CLEAR

Back 42

stratum lucidum

Front 43

epidermis layer

present only in the thick skin areas of the fingertips, palms, and soles

Back 43

stratum lucidum

Front 44

epidermis layer

consists of 3 to 5 layers of flattened clear dead keratinocytes

Back 44

stratum lucidum

Front 45

epidermis layer

means horn or horny

Back 45

stratum corneum

Front 46

epidermis layer

consists on average 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes

Back 46

stratum corneum

Front 47

epidermis layer

these cells are continuously shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata

Back 47

stratum corneum

Front 48

epidermis layer

the interior of the cells contains mostly keratin and water repellent barrier

Back 48

stratum corneum

Front 49

3 layers of skin

composed of a strong connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fiber

Back 49

dermis

Front 50

3 layers of skin

resists pulling or stretching forces

Back 50

dermis

Front 51

3 skin layers

ability to stretch and recoil easily

Back 51

dermis

Front 52

3 layers of skin

consists of predominantly fibroplasts, some macrophages, and a few adipocytes

Back 52

dermis

Front 53

in the dermis the ___ consists of areolar connective tissue containing thin collagen and fine elastic fibers

Back 53

papillary region

Front 54

in the dermis..consists of dense irregular connective tissue containing fibrovlasts, bundles of collagen, and some elastic fibers

Back 54

reticular region

Front 55

contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

Back 55

cell junction

Front 56

consists of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways

Back 56

tight junction

Front 57

retard the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of these organs from leaking

Back 57

tight junction

Front 58

contain plaque

Back 58

adheren junction

Front 59

help resist separation during various contractile acitivies

Back 59

adheren junction

Front 60

contains plaque that attaches to elements of the cytoskeleton

Back 60

desmosomes

Front 61

contributes to stability of the cells and tissue

Back 61

desmosomes

Front 62

prevent cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction

Back 62

desmosomes

Front 63

contains integrins that attach to intermediate filaments

Back 63

hemidesmosomes

Front 64

contain membrane proteins called connexins.

Back 64

gap junctions

Front 65

allow the cells in a tissue to communicate with one another

Back 65

gap junctions

Front 66

contain chemical and electrical signals that regulate growth

Back 66

gap junctions

Front 67

enable nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells and is crucial for the normal operation

Back 67

gap junctions

Front 68

contains two features: extracellular matrix and cells

Back 68

connective tissue

Front 69

consists of protein fibers and ground substances

Back 69

connective tissue

Front 70

high vascular (have a rich blood supply)

Back 70

connective tissue

Front 71

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

Back 71

membrane

Front 72

what tissue

consists of enlongated cells called myocytes

Back 72

muscle tissue

Front 73

what tissue

cause ATP to generate force

Back 73

muscle tissue

Front 74

produces body movements, maintains posture, protection, and generates heat.

Back 74

muscle tissue

Front 75

in nervous tissue

__ convert stimuli into electical signals

Back 75

neurons

Front 76

what tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers

Back 76

epithelial tissue

Front 77

what tissue has has cells closely packed and held tightly together by many cell junctions

Back 77

epithelial tissue

Front 78

what tissue is never covered by another tissue, so it always has a free surface

Back 78

epithelial tissue

Front 79

what tissue has selective barriers, secretory surfaces, and protective surfaces

Back 79

epithelial tissue

Front 80

what tissue has a apical surface, basal surface, and basement membrane

Back 80

epithelial tissue

Front 81

what has its own nerve supply but is avascular

Back 81

epithelial tissue

Front 82

what membrane

the combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer constitutes an

Back 82

epithelial membrane

Front 83

what membrane

lines joints and contains connective tissue but no epithelium

Back 83

synovial membrane

Front 84

what membrane

lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior

Back 84

mucous membranes

Front 85

what membrane

lines the entire digestive, respirtatory and reproductive tracts, and much of the urinary tract.

Back 85

mucous membranes

Front 86

what membrane

lines a body cavity, thoracic or abdominal that does not open directly to the exterior.

Back 86

serous membranes

Front 87

what membrane

secretes a water lubricant that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities

Back 87

serous membrane

Front 88

what membrane

covers the entire surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion called the epidermis and dermis

Back 88

cutaneous membrane

Front 89

what memebrane

consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 89

cutaneous membrane

Front 90

what membrane

where bones come together

Back 90

synovial membrane

Front 91

what membrane

line the caivities of freely movable joints

Back 91

synovial membrane

Front 92

what membrane

do not open to exterior and lack an epithelium which are therefor not epithelial membranes.

Back 92

synovial membranes

Front 93

what membrane

are composed of a discontinuous layer of cells

Back 93

snynovial membrane

Front 94

what membrane

secrets lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophaes that remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity

Back 94

synovial membrane

Front 95

skin, hair, glands and nails devlop from the

Back 95

embryonic epidermis

Front 96

hair and nails do what

Back 96

protect the body

Front 97

sweat glands help

Back 97

regulat temperature

Front 98

present at most skin surfaces except pals, palmar surfaces of fingers, the soles, and plantar surfaces of the feet.

Back 98

hair

Front 99

helps guard the scalp from injury and the suns uv rays

Back 99

hair

Front 100

decreases heat loss from the scalp and senses light touch

Back 100

hair

Front 101

composed of columns of dead keratinized epidermial cells bonded together by extracellular proteins

Back 101

hair

Front 102

what part of the hair

superficial portion of the hair, which projects above the surface of the skin

Back 102

shaft

Front 103

what part of the hair

deep. penetrates into the dermis and someimes into the subcutaneous layer.

Back 103

root

Front 104

what part of the hair

made up of an external root sheath and an internal root sheath

Back 104

hair follicle

Front 105

what part of the hair

does cell division occur. responsible for growth of exsisting hairs and they produce new hairs when old hairs are shed

Back 105

hair matrix

Front 106

what gland

mostly deep in the dermis

Back 106

eccrine

Front 107

what gland

surface of epidermis

Back 107

eccrine

Front 108

what gland

mostly in subcutaneours layer and hair follicles

Back 108

apocrine

Front 109

what gland is

more viscous

Back 109

eccrine

Front 110

what gland is stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement

Back 110

apocrine

Front 111

what gland

regulates body temperature, waste removal, and stimulted during emotional stress

Back 111

eccrine

Front 112

nail

the visible portion of the nail

Back 112

nail body

Front 113

nail

part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit

Back 113

free edge

Front 114

nail

white because there are no underlying capillaries

Back 114

free edge

Front 115

nail

portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of the skin.

Back 115

nail root

Front 116

nail

where cells divide by mitosis to produce growth

Back 116

nail matrix

Front 117

help us grasp and manipulate small objects in various ways, provide protection against trauma to the ends of the digits, and allow us to scratch our body

Back 117

nails

Front 118

how does the skin contribute to thermoregulation

Back 118

by liberating sweat at its surfaces and by adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis

Front 119

skin

what keeps skin and hairs from dying out and contain chemicals that kill surface bacteria

Back 119

oily sebum from sebaceous glands

Front 120

the skin releases __ to inhibit evaporation of water. prevents dehydration

Back 120

lipids

Front 121

in response to high environmental temperature or heat produced by exercise, ____ from __ sweat glands increases

Back 121

sweat production eccrine

Front 122

the __ from sweat from the skin surface helps lower..

Back 122

evaporation ..
body temperature

Front 123

the skin

what inhibits evaporation

Back 123

lipids

Front 124

what sensations arise from the skin

Back 124

cutaneous sensations

Front 125

touch, pressure, vibration, and tickling, warmth and coolness

Back 125

cuteaneous sensations

Front 126

there is a wide variety of _____ and ____ distributed throughout the skin

Back 126

nerve endings and receptors

Front 127

in the skin there is __ in the epidermis, ___ of touch in the dermis, and __ around each hair follicle

Back 127

tactile discs of the epidermis, corpuscles of touch in the dermis, and hair root plexeeses around each hair follicle

Front 128

what is the elimination of substsances from the body called..vocab word

Back 128

excretion

Front 129

the passage of materials from the external envoirnment into body cells..vocab word

Back 129

absorption

Front 130

layer of epidermis


water evaporation

Back 130

stratum corneum

Front 131

what is absorbed through the skin...(2 things)

Back 131

water -soluble substances and lipid soluble substances

Front 132

what soluble penetrates the skin

Back 132

lipid soluble materials

Front 133

what are examples of lipid soluble materials that penetrate the skin

Back 133

vitamins K E D A, certains drugs, oxygen and cardbox dioxide.

Front 134

toxic materials can be absorbed through the skin.. they include:

Back 134

organic solvents such as acetone and carbon tetrachloride

Front 135

synthesis of vitamin D requires

Back 135

activation of a precursor molecule in the skin by ultraviolet rays in the sunlight

Front 136

what is the most activie form of vitamin D

Back 136

calcitriol

Front 137

a hormon that aids in the absorptoin of calcium in foods from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

Back 137

calcitriol

Front 138

what three pigments impact a wide variety of colors to skin

Back 138

melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene

Front 139

the amount of ___ causes the skin's color o vary from pale yellow to reddish-brown to black

Back 139

melanin

Front 140

the difference of the two forms of melanin is the most apparent in the

Back 140

hair

Front 141

the epidermis appears translucent and skin color ranges from pink to red depending on:
the red color is due to:

Back 141

the oxygen concent of the blood moving through the capillaries in the dermis.

hemoglobin

Front 142

the oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

Back 142

hemoglobin

Front 143

a yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolk and carrots their color

Back 143

carotene

Front 144

pigment

is needed for vision

Back 144

vitamin a in carotene

Front 145

most effects of aging occure when people reach their late

Back 145

40s

Front 146

most of the age related changes occure in the ___ in the (which layer of skin)

Back 146

proteins in the dermis

Front 147

ammong the effects of aging are:

Back 147

wrinkling, loss of subcutaneous adpise tissue, atrophy of sebaceous glands, decrease in the number of melanocytes and langerhand cells

Front 148

aging

what 3 things break down due to age

Back 148

collagen fibers

elastic fibers


fibroblasts

Front 149

the surface are for diffusion across the membrane of epithelial cells is increased by the presence of

Back 149

microvilli

Front 150

aerolar tissue located in the

Back 150

papillary

Front 151

cilia are commonoly seen on cells in tissues that: (Where)

Back 151

line the respiratory tract

Front 152

an endocrine is what (2 things)

releases:
made up of:

Back 152

hormones

epithelial tissue

Front 153

a dense layer of proteins, called plaque, forms:

Back 153

adherens

Front 154

a tissue that forms glands is

Back 154

epithelial

Front 155

stratified squamous epithelium can be made waterproof and friction residstand by intracellular deposists of

Back 155

keratin

Front 156

most abundant tissue in the body is

Back 156

connective tissue

Front 157

the embryonic connective tissue from whichall other connective tissue arise is

Back 157

mesenchyme

Front 158

epidermis layer

most superficial

Back 158

stratum coreum

Front 159

differences of skin color depends on

Back 159

melanin

Front 160

gland that produces a product that regulates body temperature

Back 160

eccrine

Front 161

flexible at joints and reduces friction

Back 161

hyline cartilage

Front 162

skin condition of abnormal keratin is produced. keratinocytes are shed prematurely

Back 162

psoriasis

Front 163

insufficent oxygen in blood causes this blue color

Back 163

cyanosis

Front 164

produces a product that helps prevent excessive evaporation of water from skin

Back 164

sebaceous gland

Front 165

another name for stretch marks

Back 165

striae

Front 166

action of arrector pili muscles as they raise hairs in an up right position

Back 166

goosebumps

Front 167

the reticular region is associated with

Back 167

dense irregular

Front 168

what layer is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 168

epidermis

Front 169

what prevents excessive evaporation from the skin

Back 169

sebum

Front 170

forms a sticky barrier in the external audority canal

Back 170

cerumen

Front 171

type of nervours tissue is that to have supportive role

Back 171

nueroglia

Front 172

found in cardiac tissue

Back 172

intercalated discs

Front 173

striated and intercalated discs

Back 173

cardia muscle

Front 174

waterproof and frition relates to

Back 174

carotene

Front 175

what provides protection from heart, microbes, chemicals

Back 175

keratinized squamous

Front 176

spindle shaped

Back 176

smooth

Front 177

has axons,dendrites, cell bodies

Back 177

neurons

Front 178

glands are formed

Back 178

epithleium

Front 179

connective tissue fibers that are arranged in bundles and lend strength and flexibility to a tissue are:

Back 179

collagen fibers