Anatomy - Chapters 14 & 15

Front 1

Central & Peripheral Nervous System

Back 1

Name the structural subdivisions of the nervous system.

Front 2

Brain & Spinal Cord

Back 2

What are the 2 components of the CNS?

Front 3

Cranial Nerves, Ganglia & Spinal Nerves

Back 3

What are the 3 components of the PNS?

Front 4

Ganglia

Back 4

What part of the PNS consist of clusers of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS?

Front 5

Collecting, processing & evaluating information

Back 5

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

Front 6

Receptors

Back 6

What PNS structures detect changes in the internal or external environment and pass them on to the CNS as sensory input?

Front 7

Effectors

Back 7

What structures receive impulses from motor neurons, which typically are muscles or glands?

Front 8

CNS

Back 8

Which nervous system is the command center of the nervous system that integrates and processes nervous information?

Front 9

PNS

Back 9

Which nervous system projects information to and receives information from the CNS as well as mediating some reflexes?

Front 10

Sensory nervous system

Back 10

What functional nervous system is responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors and transmitting this information to the CNS?

Front 11

Input

Back 11

The sensory nervous system is responsible for input/output?

Front 12

Somatic & Visceral

Back 12

What are the 2 components of the Sensory Nervous system?

Front 13

Somatic nervous system

Back 13

Which functional nervous system is made up of somatic senses, such as touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature and proprioception, taste, vision, hearing, balance and smell?

Front 14

Motor Nervous System

Back 14

Which functional nervous system is responsible for transmitting motor impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands?

Front 15

Somatic & Autonomic

Back 15

What are the two motor components of the Motor Nervous System?

Front 16

Output

Back 16

The Motor nervous system is responsible for input/output?

Front 17

Neurons

Back 17

What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?

Front 18

Cell Body (soma)

Back 18

Which neuron structure serves as the neuron's control center and is responsible for receiving, integrating and sending nerve impulses?

Front 19

Dendrites

Back 19

What neuron structure conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body?

Front 20

Axon

Back 20

What neuron structure transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body towards another cell?

Front 21

Neurons & Glial cells

Back 21

What are the two types of nervous system cells?

Front 22

Neurons

Back 22

Which type of nervous system cell is electrically excitable and can initiate, transmit and receive nerve impulses?

Front 23

Glial cells

Back 23

Which type of nervous system cell is non-excitable and supports and protects neurons?

Front 24

1) High metabolic rate
2) extreme longevity
3) non-mitotic

Back 24

What are 3 features of neurons?

Front 25

Cell body, dendrites and axon

Back 25

What are the 3 main structural regions of a neuron?

Front 26

Nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria and free ribosomes and a rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 26

What 4 organelles are contained in the cell body?

Front 27

Unipolar, bipolar and multipolar

Back 27

What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons?

Front 28

Unipolar

Back 28

Which neuron classification has a single, short process that branches like a T?

Front 29

Bipolar

Back 29

Which neuron classification has two processes, one dendrite and one axon?

Front 30

multipolar

Back 30

Which neuron classification has many dendrites and a single axon, which is the most common of neurons?

Front 31

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Interneurons

Back 31

What are the two functional classifications of neurons?

Front 32

Sensory

Back 32

Which neurons transmit impulses FROM sensory receptors TO the CNS

Front 33

Motor

Back 33

Which neurons transmit impulses FROM the CNS TO muscles or glands

Front 34

Interneurons

Back 34

Which neurons facilitate communications between sensory and motor neurons?

Front 35

Glia

Back 35

Which nerve cell does not transmit nerve impulses?

Front 36

Glia

Back 36

Which nerve cells are sometimes referred to as neuroglia?

Front 37

Glia

Back 37

Which nerve cells are found in both the PNS and CNS?

Front 38

Glia

Back 38

Which nerve cells are capable of mitosis?

Front 39

Glia

Back 39

Which nerve cell physically protects and nourishes neurons?

Front 40

Astrocytes

Back 40

Which Glia cell type helps to form the blood brain barrier and takes nutrients up from the blood?

Front 41

Ependymal cells

Back 41

Which Glia cell produce the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and form the choroid plexus?

Front 42

Microglial cells

Back 42

Which Glia cells are motile, act as the immune cells of the CNS and wander through the CNS removing cellular debris?

Front 43

Oliodendrocytes

Back 43

Which Glia cells are associated with the CNS axons only, wrap themselves around the axons like electrical tape and produce myelin (insulator of electrical activity)?

Front 44

Astrocytes
Ependymal
Microglial
Oligodendrocytes

Back 44

What are the 4 types of glia cells of the CNS?

Front 45

Satellite and Schwann cells

Back 45

What are the 2 types of glia cells of the PNS?

Front 46

Satellite cell

Back 46

What glia cell is flattened and clustered around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion which protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia?

Front 47

Schwann cells (neurolemmocyts)

Back 47

Which glia cells are flattened cells wrapped around a portion of an axon in the PNS which myelinates and insulates PNS axons and allows for faster nerve impulse conduction through the axon?

Front 48

Myelination

Back 48

What is the process called where an axon is wrapped with a myelin sheath?

Front 49

PNS

Back 49

Where does axon regeneration typically happen?

Front 50

Synapses

Back 50

What are the specialized junctions between one axon and another neuron, muscle or gland cell called?

Front 51

Persynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron and the synaptic cleft

Back 51

What are the 3 components of a synapse?

Front 52

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum

Back 52

What are the 4 major parts of the brain?

Front 53

Rostral

Back 53

What directional brain term means "toward the nose"?

Front 54

Caudal

Back 54

What directional brain term means "toward the tail"?

Front 55

Gray Matter

Back 55

What neural tissue houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons, forms the cortex and forms discrete internal clusters called cerebral nuclei?

Front 56

White Matter

Back 56

Which neural tissue is made up of myelinated axons and lies deep to the gray matter of the cortex?

Front 57

Cranial Meninges

Back 57

What are the connective tissue layers that separate soft tissue of the brain from bones of the cranium, which enclose and protect blood vessels, contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid and form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain?

Front 58

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Back 58

What are the 3 connective tissue layers in the brain?

Front 59

Pia Mater

Back 59

What is the innermost layer of connective tissue?

Front 60

Arachnoid Mater

Back 60

What connective tissue of the brain "resembles a spider web"?

Front 61

Dura Mater

Back 61

What connective tissue of the brain is the external tough, dense tissue made up of fibrous layers?

Front 62

Brain Ventricles

Back 62

What forms cavities or expansions within the brain that are continuous with one another and the central canal of the spinal cord?

Front 63

Two lateral ventricles - one in each hemisphere of the cerebrum
3rd in the diencephalon
4th between pons and cerebellum

Back 63

Where are the 4 ventricles in the brain found?

Front 64

Spinal fluid

Back 64

All ventricles contain _____ ______.

Front 65

Olfactory Nerve

Back 65

Which cranial nerve is related to the sense of smell?

Front 66

Optic Nerve

Back 66

Which cranial nerve is related to vision?

Front 67

Occulomotor Nerve

Back 67

Which cranial nerve is related to the extrinsic eye muscles and makes the pupil constrict?

Front 68

Trochlear Nerve

Back 68

Which cranial nerve is related to the superior oblique eye muscles?

Front 69

Trigenminal Nerve

Back 69

Which cranial nerve is the general sensory nerve (anterior scalp, nasal cavity, entire face, most of oral cavity, teeth, 2/3 of tongue and auricle of the ear?

Front 70

Trigenminal Nerve

Back 70

Which cranial nerve acts with the muscles of mastication?

Front 71

Abducens Nerve

Back 71

Which cranial nerve is connected to the lateral rectus (eye muscles)?

Front 72

Facial Nerve

Back 72

Which cranial nerve correlates to taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and is invoved in muscles of facial expression?

Front 73

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Back 73

Which cranial nerve is involved in hearing and equilbrium?

Front 74

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Back 74

Which cranial nerve is involved in touch and taste to posterior 1/3 of the tongue, visceral sensory from carotid bodies?

Front 75

Vagus Nerve

Back 75

Which cranial nerve is handles sensory input from the pharynx, larynx, carotid bodies, heart, lungs, most abdominal organs and general sensory information from external acoustic meatus, eardrum and pharynx?

Front 76

Accessory Nerve

Back 76

What cranial nerve affects the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Front 77

Hypoglossal nerve

Back 77

Which cranial nerve is connected to the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles?

Front 78

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back 78

What is a clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space?

Front 79

Buoyancy

Back 79

What function of the CSF floats the brain?

Front 80

Protection

Back 80

What function of CSF provides a liquid cushion from sudden movements?

Front 81

Environmental stability

Back 81

What function of CSF transports nutrients and removes waste form the brain?

Front 82

Frontal Lobe

Back 82

Which lobe's primary function involves higher intellectual functions, personality, verbal communication, and voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles?

Front 83

Parietal Lobe

Back 83

Which lobe's primary function involves sensory interpretation and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions?

Front 84

Temporal Lobe

Back 84

Which lobe's primary function involves hearing, speech and smell?

Front 85

Occipital Lobe

Back 85

Which lobe's primary function involves perception of visual stimuli, integration of eye-focusing movements, correlation of visual images?

Front 86

Insula Lobe

Back 86

Which lobe's primary function involves interpretation of taste and memory?

Front 87

Choroid plexus, hypthalamus & pineal gland

Back 87

The Blood Brain Barrier is missing or reduced in 3 distinct locations of the CNS?

Front 88

Cerebrum

Back 88

Which part of the brain is where conscious thought and higher thought occurs?

Front 89

Fissures

Back 89

What separate and divides the lobes?

Front 90

Corpus Callosum

Back 90

What is the largest tract and the main tract that connects the two hemisphere?

Front 91

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 91

What is the name of fissure that extends along the midsagittal plane?

Front 92

Central Sulcus

Back 92

What forms the boundary between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe?

Front 93

Precentral gyrus

Back 93

What is the mass of nervous tissue immediately anterior to the central sulcus?

Front 94

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

Back 94

What forms the boundary between the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe?

Front 95

Lateral Sulcus

Back 95

What forms the obrder between the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe?

Front 96

Postcentral gyrus

Back 96

What is the mass of nervous tissue immediately posterior to the central sulcus?

Front 97

Motor, Sensory & Association

Back 97

What are the 3 categories of functional areas of the cerebrum?

Front 98

Somatic (primary) motor cortex

Back 98

What motor area is located within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and controls voluntary skeletal muscles activities and the axoms project contralaterally (opp side) to the brainstem and spinal cord?

Front 99

Motor speech area

Back 99

What motor area is often called the Broca Area and located in the left frontal lobe controling voice?

Front 100

Frontal Eye Field

Back 100

What motor area controls eye movements located on the superior surface of the middle frontal gyrus?

Front 101

Diencephalon

Back 101

What is a part of the prosencephalon sandwiched between the inferior regions of the cerebral hemisphere?

Front 102

Epithalamus, thalamus & hypothalamus

Back 102

What are the 3 parts of the Diencephalon?

Front 103

Amygdala

Back 103

What area of the cerebral nuclei is responsible for the emotions?

Front 104

Epithalamus

Back 104

What houses the pineal gland and the Habenular nuclei?

Front 105

Habenular nuclei

Back 105

What allows us to have an emotional response to odors?

Front 106

Thalamus

Back 106

What is the principal and final relay point for sensory information?

Front 107

Master control of ANS
Master control of Endocrine System
Regulates Body Temperature
Control emotional behavior
Food intake
water intake
circadian rhytms

Back 107

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Front 108

Mesencephalon, Pons & Medulla Oblongata

Back 108

What are the 3 regions of the brainstem?

Front 109

Mesencephalon

Back 109

What part of the brainstem house the oculomotor and trochlear nerve, connect the 3rd & 4th ventricles, and is the superior portion of the brainstem?

Front 110

Pons

Back 110

What part of the brainstem controls respiratory functions?

Front 111

Pons

Back 111

What is the bludging region on the anterior part of the brainstem that forms part of the metencephalon?

Front 112

Medulla Oblongata

Back 112

What part of the brainstem regulates heart and blood pressure?

Front 113

Medulla Oblongata

Back 113

What part of the brainstem is the most inferior?

Front 114

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula

Back 114

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?

Front 115

Cerebellum

Back 115

What part of the brain governs muscle movements, balance, posture and proprioceptive input?

Front 116

Limbic System

Back 116

This brain part forms a structure around the diencephalon, collects emotions and affects memory functions.

Front 117

Hippocampus

Back 117

What part of the brain is primarily involved in memory?

Front 118

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal

Back 118

What are the 5 parts of the spinal cord?

Front 119

L2

Back 119

Where does the spinal cord end?

Front 120

Conus Medullaris

Back 120

What is the tappering inferior end of the spinal cord called?

Front 121

Cauda equina

Back 121

What is the part of the spinal cord inferior to the conus medullaris?

Front 122

Filium terminale

Back 122

What is a thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx?

Front 123

Spinal cord meninges

Back 123

What protects and encapsulates the spinal cord?

Front 124

Dura Matter

Back 124

What is the most external part of the meninges and fuses with the connective layers that surround the spinal nerves?

Front 125

Epidural Space

Back 125

Lies between the dura mater and periosteum covering the inner walls of the vetebra and houses areolar connective tissue, blood vessels and adipose connective tissue?

Front 126

Subdural space

Back 126

What separates dura mater from the arachnoid?

Front 127

Pia mater

Back 127

What is the innermost menigeal layer that adheres directly to the spinal cord/

Front 128

Gray & White Matter

Back 128

The spinal cord is partitioned into what two types of matter?

Front 129

Myelinated axons

Back 129

What is the white matter made up of?

Front 130

Gray Matter

Back 130

What matter is made up of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons and glial cells?

Front 131

Gray Matter

Back 131

What matter is centrally located in the spinal cord and shape resembles a butterfly?

Front 132

Anterior, lateral, posterior horns and gray comminssure.

Back 132

The Gray Matter is subdivided into what 4 parts?

Front 133

Anterior horns

Back 133

What part of the gray matter houses the cell bodies?

Front 134

Lateral horns

Back 134

What part of the gray matter is found in the T1-L2 parts of the spinal cord only and contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons?

Front 135

Posterior horns

Back 135

Which part of the gray matter contains axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons?

Front 136

Funiculus

Back 136

The white matter of the spinal cord is external to the gray matter and is partitioned into three regions each called a ______?

Front 137

Posterior, lateral & anterior

Back 137

What are the 3 regions of funiculus in the white matter?

Front 138

White commissure

Back 138

What connects the funiculus of the white matter?