A&p Quiz #2 Vocabulary

Front 1

plasma membrane

Back 1

the cell's flexible outer surface

Front 2

cytoplasm

Back 2

all the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleous

Front 3

nucleous

Back 3

large part of the cell containing the brain (DNA)

Front 4

lipid bilayer

Back 4

back-to-back layers of the plasma membrane that is made up of lipid molecules

Front 5

selective permiability

Back 5

plasma membranes that allow some substances to pass more readily than others

Front 6

diffusion

Back 6

a passive process in which the random mixing of particles of a solution occurs because of the particles' kinetic energy

Front 7

simple diffusion

Back 7

passsive process- substances move freely through the plasma membrane without the help of membrane transport proteins

Front 8

facilitated diffusion

Back 8

passive process- an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane

Front 9

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

Back 9

a solute moves down its concentration gradient across the lipid bilayer through a membrane channel

Front 10

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

Back 10

a carrier (transporter) is used to move a solute down its concentration gradient across the plasme membrane

Front 11

osmosis

Back 11

a type of diffusion in which there is movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 12

isotonic solution

Back 12

a solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume

Front 13

hypotonic solution

Back 13

a solution that causes cells to swell and perhaps rupture due to gain of water by osmosis

Front 14

hypertonic solution

Back 14

a solution that causes cells to shrink due to loss of water

Front 15

hemolysis

Back 15

the escape of hemoglobin from the interior of a red blood cell into the surounding medium

Front 16

crenation

Back 16

the shrinkeage of cells due to placement in a hypertonic solution

Front 17

endocytosis

Back 17

materials move into a cell in a vessle formed from the plasma membrane

Front 18

phagocyte

Back 18

a body cell which engulfs large solid particles (worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses)

Front 19

exocytosis

Back 19

releases materials from a cell

Front 20

cytoskeleton

Back 20

a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol

Front 21

microtubules

Back 21

the largest components of the cytoskeleton
long, unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin

Front 22

cilia

Back 22

numerous short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell to move fluid along the cell's surface

Front 23

flagella

Back 23

used to move the entire cell and are similar in structure to cilia but are typically much longer

Front 24

villi

Back 24

projections of the cell that function in the absorption of the end products of digestion

Front 25

ribosomes

Back 25

the sites of protein syntesis

Front 26

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 26

a network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules

Front 27

golgi complex

Back 27

transport pathway for syntesized proteins through an organelle

Front 28

lysosomes

Back 28

membrane-enclosed vesicles that form the golgi complex containing as many as 60 kinds of powerful digestive and hydrolytic enzymes

Front 29

mitocondria

Back 29

generate most of the ATP through aerobic respiration the "powerhouses" of the cell

Front 30

cell division

Back 30

the process by which cells reproduce themselves

Front 31

histology

Back 31

the study of tissues

Front 32

epithelial tissue

Back 32

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts
also forms glands

Front 33

connective tissue

Back 33

protects and supports the body and its organs

Front 34

muscular tissue

Back 34

generates the physical force needed to make body structuresmove and generates body heat

Front 35

nervous tissue

Back 35

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generatingaction potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contrations and glandular secretions

Front 36

apical (free) surface

Back 36

surface of an epithelial cell that faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen (interior space) of an internal organ, or tubular duct that recieves cell secretions

Front 37

basement membrane

Back 37

a thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers, the basal lamina and the reticular lamina

Front 38

simple epithelium

Back 38

a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption

Front 39

pseudostratified epithelium

Back 39

appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface

Front 40

stratified epithelium

Back 40

consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear

Front 41

squamous cells

Back 41

cells that are arranged like floor tiles and are thin, which allows for rapid passage of substances

Front 42

cuboidal cells

Back 42

cells that are as tall as they are wide and are shaped like cubes or hexagons

Front 43

columnar cells

Back 43

cells that are much taller than they are wide, like columns, and protect underlying tissue

Front 44

transitional cells

Back 44

cells that change shape, from flat to cuboidal and back, as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch (distend) to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size.

Front 45

transitional epithelium

Back 45

a type of stratified epithelium that is present only in the urinary system and has a variable appearance

Front 46

endocrine gland

Back 46

a ductless gland that secretes hormones into intestinal fluid and then the blood

Front 47

exocrine gland

Back 47

a grand that secretes its product into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body

Front 48

merocrine gland

Back 48

gland made up of secretory cells that remain intact throughout the process of formation and discharge of the secretory product

Front 49

apocrine gland

Back 49

a type of gland in which the secretory products gather at the free end of the secreting cell and are pinched off, along with some of the cytoplasm, to become the secretion

Front 50

holocrine gland

Back 50

a type of gland in which entire secretory cells, along with their accunmulated secretions, make up the secretory product of the gland

Front 51

fibroblasts

Back 51

large, flat connective tissue cells with branching processes that secrete the fibers and certain components of the grround substance of the extracellular matrix

Front 52

adipocytes

Back 52

connective tissue cells that store triglycerides, or fats (a.k.a. fat cells, apidose cells)

Front 53

mast cells

Back 53

connective tissue cells that are abundant alongside the blood vessels and produce histamine

Front 54

white blood cells

Back 54

connective tissue cells that are not found in significant numbers and migrate from the blood and gather at sites of infection, parasitic invasions, and allergic reaction

Front 55

macrophags

Back 55

connective tissue cells that develop from monocytes and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis

Front 56

plasma cells

Back 56

small connective tissue cells that develop from a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte and secretes antibodies

Front 57

ground substance

Back 57

the component of connective tissue between the cells and fibers

Front 58

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Back 58

an assortment of complex combinations of polysaccrides and proteins that trap water, making the ground substance more jellylike

Front 59

fibers

Back 59

function to strengthen and support connective tissues

Front 60

collagen fibers

Back 60

very strong fibers that resist pulling forces, but they are not stiff, which allows tissue flexibility

Front 61

elastic fibers

Back 61

fibers that branch and join together to form a network within a tissue

Front 62

reticular fibers

Back 62

fibers that provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues

Front 63

mature connective tissue

Back 63

tissue cells that are present in the newborn and arise from mesenchyme

Front 64

loose connective tissue

Back 64

fibers that are loosely arranged between cells

Front 65

areolar connective tissue

Back 65

contains several types of cells and forms the subcutaneous layer when combined with apidose tissue

Front 66

subcutaneous layer

Back 66

the layer of tissue that attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs

Front 67

apidose tissue

Back 67

a loose conective tissue in which the cells, apidocytes, are specialized for storage of triglycerides (fats)

Front 68

reticular connective tissue

Back 68

connective tissue that forms the stroma (supporting framework) of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes and helps bind together smooth muscle cells

Front 69

dense connective tissue

Back 69

contains more numerous, thicker, and denser fibers (packed more closely) but considerably fewer cells than loose connective tissue

Front 70

dense regular conective tissue

Back 70

bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns that provides the tissue with great strength and withstands pulling along the axis of the fibers

Front 71

dense irregular connective tissue

Back 71

bundles of collagen fibers that are irregularly arranged and found in parts of the body where pulling forces are exerted in various directions

Front 72

elastic connective tissue

Back 72

branching elastic fibers that give the unstained tissue a yellowish color

Front 73

cartilage

Back 73

a dense network of collagen fibers or elastic fibers firmly embedded in chrondroitin sulfate

Front 74

hyaline cartilage

Back 74

contains a resilient gel as its ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish-white, shiny substance

Front 75

fibrocartilage

Back 75

chondrocytes are scattered among clearly visible, thick bundles of collagen within the extracellular matrix of firocartilage

Front 76

bone tissue

Back 76

connective tissue found in the bone

Front 77

osteon

Back 77

basic unit of the bone

Front 78

blood tissue

Back 78

connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix

Front 79

lymph

Back 79

the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels

Front 80

membranes

Back 80

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

Front 81

mucous membrane

Back 81

lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior

Front 82

serous membrane

Back 82

lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior, and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity

Front 83

pleura

Back 83

the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs

Front 84

pericardium

Back 84

the serous membrane lining the heart cavity and covering the heart

Front 85

peritonium

Back 85

the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering that abdominal organs

Front 86

cutaneous membrane

Back 86

covers the entire surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion of the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis

Front 87

synovial membrane

Back 87

lines the cavities of freelymovable joints

Front 88

synovial fluid

Back 88

lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity

Front 89

muscular tissue

Back 89

consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that can use ATP to generate force

Front 90

skelatal muscular tissue

Back 90

usually attatched to the bones of the skeleton
voluntary/striated/movement

Front 91

cardiac muscle tissue

Back 91

forms most of the wall of the heart
involuntary/striated/pumps

Front 92

smooth muscle tissue

Back 92

located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder
involuntary/nonstriated/constricts

Front 93

neurons

Back 93

nerve cells that are sensitive to various stimuli

Front 94

soma

Back 94

nerve cell body that contains the nucleous and other organelles

Front 95

dendrites

Back 95

tapering, highly branched, and usually short cell processes
major recieving or input portion of the neuron

Front 96

axon

Back 96

a single, thin, cylindrical process that may be very long
the output portion of the neuron

Front 97

wound dehiscence

Back 97

a complication of surgery
the partial or complete separation of the outer layers of a sutured incision

Front 98

three factors that affect tissue repair

Back 98

nutrition, blood circulation, and age