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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 Functions of Saliva?
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Moistens mouth, digest a little starch, and fat, cleanses teeth, inhibits bacterial growth.
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More functions of saliva?
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dissolves molecules, moistens food, and binds particles together to aid in swalling.
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What enzyme begins starch digestion in the mouth?
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Salivary amylase.
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What enzyme is activated by the stomach acid and digests fat after food is swallowed?
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lingual lipase.
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What binds and lubricates food mass and aids in swallowing?
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Mucus
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What enzyme kills bacteria?
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Lysozyme
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Which antibody inhibits bacterial growth?
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Immunoglobulin A
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Electrolytes include?
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sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate ions.
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pH of Saliva?
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6.8 to 7.0
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What are the two kinds of salivary glands?
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Intrinsic and extrinsic.
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These glands secrete relatively small amounts of saliva at a fairly constant rate whether we are eating or not?
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Intrinsic
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When food is not being swallowed which constrictor remains contracted to exclude air from the esophagus?
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Inferior
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The esophagus meets the stomach at an opening called the ?
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Cardiac orifice.
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Definition of Lower esophageal sphicter?
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The inferior end of the esophagus which is more constricted than the rest.
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The mucosa of the esophagus is made from?
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Nonkeratinezed stratified squamous epithelium.
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The muscularis externa is composed of which two types of muscle?
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Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle.
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Swallowing is coordinated by the?
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Swallowing center, a nucleus in the medulla oblongata and pons.
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Swallowing occurs in which two phases?
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Buccal and pharyngeal-esophageal.
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In what phase does the root of the tongue block the oral cavity?
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Phaynegeal-esophageal.
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The soft palate rises and blocks the?
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nasopharynx.
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A wave of muscular contraction that pushes the bolus ahead of it?
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Peristalsis
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In the Buccal phase, what is the functon of the tongue?
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Collects food and pushes it back into the oropharynx.
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Function of the Lower esophageal sphincter during swallowing?
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Relaxes to admit bolus to the stomach.
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Functions of the stomach?
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Mechanically breaks up food particles, liquifies food and begins chemical digestion of protein and fat.
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Chyme is the result of?
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The chemical digestion of proteins and fat in the stomach.
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The stomach is divided into what four regions?
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Cardiac, fundic, body and pyloric.
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Cardiac region is?
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small area immediately inside the cardiac orifice.
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The fundic region is?
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dome shaped portion superior to the esophageal attachment.
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Body region is?
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Main portion of the organ.
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Pyloric region is the narrow inferior end separated into what two regions?
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antrum and pyloric canal.
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What is the narrow passage that is the opening to the duodenum.
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Pylorus.
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This sphincter surrounds the pylorus and regulates the passage of chyme into the duodenum.
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Pyloric sphincter.
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All blood drained from the stomach and intestines enters what type of circulation?
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Hepatic portal circulation.
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The stomach mucosa is made from
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simple columnar glandular epithelium.
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When the stomach is empty, the mucosa and submucosa form conspicuous wrinkles called?
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Gastric rugae.
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The muscularis externa has how many layers?
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3.
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What are the three layers?
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Outer longitudinal layer, middle circular layer and inner oblique layer.
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The gastric mucosa of the stomach is pocked with depressions called?
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Gastric pits.
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Mucous cells secrete?
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Mucous (for protection)
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Function of regenerative stem cells?
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Divide rapidly and produce a continual supply of new cells.
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Function of parietal cells?
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Secrete HCI and intrinsic factor.
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Function of chief cells?
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most numerous and secrete chymosin, and lipase in infancy and pepsinogen throughout life.
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Function of enteroendocrine cells?
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Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers that regulate digestion.
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Gastric glands produce how many liters of gastric juice per day?
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2 to 3 liters.
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Gastric juice is composed mainly of?
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Water, HCI and pepsin.
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High ph blood that leaves the stomach when digestion is occuring is called?
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Alkaline tide.
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What activates the enzymes pepsin and lingual lipase?
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HCI
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HCI converts ingested ferric ions to ferrous ions that can do what?
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Be absorbed and utilized for hemoglobin synthesis.
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Ultimate function of pepsin?
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Digest dietary proteins to shorter peptide chains which pass to the small intestine where their digestion is completed.
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Several digestive enzymes are secreted as inactive proteins called?
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zymogens.
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Zymogens are then converted to active enzymes by what?
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The removal of some of their amino acids.
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In infants chief cells secrete?
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Gastric lipase and chymosin (rennin)
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What are the functions of gastric lipase and chymosin in infants?
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Gastric lipase digests some of the buttermilk of fat while chymosin curdles milk.
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Intrinsic factor is essential for what?
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The absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine.
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Without vitamin B12 what cannot be synthesized?
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Hemoglobin.
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The swallowing center is located where?
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Medulla oblongta.
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The swallowing center does what as you begin to swallow?
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Signals the stomach to relax.
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The arriving food stretches the stomach and activates what?
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The receptive relaxaton response of smooth muscles.
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Peristaltic contractions are controlled by?
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pacemaker cells in the longitudinal muscle layer.
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A gentle ripple of contraction every 20 seconds contributes to what?
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Churns and mixes food with gastric juice.
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As a peristaltic wave passes down into the antrum, it squirts out about 3ml of chyme into the?
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Duodenum.
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Typical meal is emptied from stomach in about?
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4 hours.
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Vomiting is induced by what three stimuli?
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Excessive stretching of the stomach, psychological stimuli and chemical irritants.
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The emetic center in the medulla causes?
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The LES to relax as the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract.
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Most digestion and nearly all nutrient absorption occur when?
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After the chyme passes into the small intestine.
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Gastric activity is divided into three stages called?
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Cephalic, Gastric and Intestinal phases.
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The stage in which the stomach reponds to the mere sight smell or taste of food?
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Cephalic.
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This phase is a period in which swallowed food and semidigested protein acivate gastric activity.
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Gastric Phase.
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Gastric secretion is stimulated chiefly by what three chemicals?
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Acetycholine, histamine and gastrin.
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Acetycholine or Ach is secreted by?
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paraympathetic nerve fibers.
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Histamine is secreted by
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gastric enteroendocrine cells.
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Gastrin is secreted by
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G cells.
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Receptors for histamine Ach and gastrin are found where?
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Parietal cells and chief cells.
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About two thirds of gastric digestion occurs in what phase?
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Gastric phase.
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Chief cells secrete pepsinogen in response to?
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Gastrin and Ach.
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The stage in which the duodenum responds to arriving chyme and moderates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes.
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Intestinal phase.
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Stretching of the duodenum increases what?
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Gastric activity.
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The enterogastric reflex sends what?
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Inhibitory signals to the stomach and sends signals to the medulla.
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Chyme stimulates duodenal enteroendocrine cells to relase what?
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Secretin, cholecystokinin (cck) and gastric inhibitory peptide (gip)
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Secretin, CCK and GIP are hormones that do what?
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Supress gastric secretion and motility.
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The liver is located where?
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Inferior to the diaphragm.
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The liver does what in relation to digestion?
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Secretes bile.
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Liver has how many lobes?
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4
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What seperates the right and left?
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Falciform ligament.
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Gallbladder is located where in relation to the liver?
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ventral surface, between right and quadrate lobes.
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Central vein of the liver is surrounded by ?
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Sheets of hepatocyte cells separated by sinusoids.
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Blood in liver is filtered by?
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Hepatocytes on way to central vein.
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The liver secretes bile into narrow channels called?
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Bile canaliculi.
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Bile passes from there into small bile ductules and into the right and left ____?
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hepatic ducts.
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The two hepatic ducts converge on the inferior side of the liver to form the______.
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Common hepatic duct.
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Function of the Sphincter of Oddi?
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Regulates release of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.
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Name and function of sac on underside of Liver.
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Gallbladder, stores and concentrates bile.
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Yellow green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phosholipids, bile pigments and bile acids is termed?
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Bile.
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The principal pigment of bile is termed ?
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Bilirubin.
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Bile gets into the gallbladder by first filling the bile duct and then?
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overflowing into the gallbladder.
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The liver secretes about?
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500 to 1000 ml of bile per day.
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This organ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
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Pancreas.
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The endocrine part of the pancreas secretes what into the blood.
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Insulin and glucagon.
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The exocrine part of the pancreas secretes about?
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1500 ml of pancreatic juice per day.
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Pancreatic duct runs length of gland to open at?
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spincter of oddi.
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The pancreatic zymogens are?
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Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase.
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Pancreatic enzymes also include amylase, which digests starch, lipase which digest fat and ribonulease and deoxyribonuclease which digest???
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RNA and DNA
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This hormone causes contraction of gallbladder, secretion of pancreatic enzymes and relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter.
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CCK
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Nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the _____?
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Small intestine.
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The mucosa of the small intestine is highly folded with what features?
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Circular folds, villi, microvilli, forming a brush border.
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The small intestine is divided into what three regions?
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Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum.
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True/False Duodenum is retroperitoneal.
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True.
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Function of Duodenum?
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Receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice and bile.
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Stomach acid is neutralized, fats are broken up by bile acids and pepsin is inactivated here?
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Duodenum.
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This portion is covered with serosa, and suspended by mesentery.
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Jejunum.
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The ileum is also covered with serosa and suspended by mesentery and ends where?
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Ileocecal junction.
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The largest folds of the intestinal wall are called?
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Circular folds.
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On the floor of the small intestine, between the bases of the villi, there are numerous pores that lead to tubular glands called?
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Intestinal crypts.
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The duodenum has prominent _____ glands.
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Brunner glands.
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Brunner glands secrete?
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bicarbonate mucus.
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Peyer patches are found where?
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The ilieum.
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Function of Peyers patches?
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Populations of lymphocytes to fight pathogens.
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Intestinal crypts secrete _____ Liters of intestinal juice per day.
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1-2.
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Intestinal juice contains___ and ____ .
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water and mucous.
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Ph of intestinal juice ranges from __ to ___.
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7.4-7.8
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Contractions of the small intestine serve what three functions?
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mix chyme with intestinal juice, bile and pancreatic juice,2) churns chyme to increase contact with mucosa for absorption, and digestion 3)move residue towards large intestine.
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random ringlike constrictions that mix and churn contents of small intestine?
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segmentation
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Purpose of segmentation?
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Mix and churn.
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Def of peristalsis?
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Gradual movement of contents toward the colon.
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Most digestible dietary carbohydrate is _____.
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Starch
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What are the fat soluable vitamins?
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A,D,E,K
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The colon is part of what intestine? Located between ____ and _____.
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large intestine, between, iliocecal junction and anal canal.
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The colon is divided into what three areas?
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Ascending, transverse, and descending.
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