Ap Pyschology_Language And Learning

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4 months

Back 1

babbling stage

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10 months

Back 2

babbles restricted to native lang.

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12 months

Back 3

1 word stage

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24 months

Back 4

2 word stage, telegraphic speech, follow rules of syntax

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2-3 years

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full sentences

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Skinner

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language is learned like behaviors are

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Chomsky

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born w/ ability to learn language, pre-wired

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Whorf

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Linguistic Relativity, lang. influences way of thinking

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Aptitude Test

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a test designed to predict a person's future performance

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Achievement Test

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a test designed to assess what a person has learned

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

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Verbal and performance subtests, most widely used intelligence test

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WISC

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Wechlser Intelligence Scale for Children

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Standardization

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Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested 'standardization group", without this the scores would be meaningless, you have to have something to compare the results to, the WAIS has been restandarized to match higher IQ trends in population

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Normal Curve

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the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of physical and psychological attributes. AVG IQ score=100

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IQ Trends

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Is IQ increasing (as WAIS suggests) due to better nutrition, less disease, better education, Is it decreasing as college aptitude tests report?

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Reliability

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the extent to which a test yields consistent results; to determine reliability tests are retested or odd/even correlated

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Validity

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The extent to which a test predicts or measures what it is supposed to (innacurate tape measure can be reliable, but not valid)

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Content Validity

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Tests that measures a target criterion (behavior/knowledge)

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Predictive Validity

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Tests that predict target behavior/skills by correlating results to target criterion

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Linguistic Relativity

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Whorf, language determines cognition

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Generic "he"

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the use of "he" as a pronoun--influences are view of women and men, occupations, actions

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mental images

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we think in mental images for some operations like turning on cold water, mental images help with training too

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support for animals' cognition

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monkeys: can order numbers, have insight for what tools to use, theory of mind--have self-concept,

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Animal Communication

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animals do communicate, vervets have different warning signals for different predators

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Honeybees

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dance/perform song to indicate where nectar is

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Chimpanzees

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closest relation to humans, can use sign language, combine words, form sentences, 1970s, star Washoe, adopted chimpanzee learned signs from Washoe

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Against idea that chimps have language

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mere imitation of trainers, faculty is not like that of humans, researchers see what they want to

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Cognition

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Mental activities associated with processing, understanding, and communicating

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Concept

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mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people

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Prototype

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an image or best example that includes all the components of the concept

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Algorithm

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a methodical, logical set of rules/procedures for problem solving

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Heuristic

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More efficient, but more error prone than algorithms, use of strategy

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Insight

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Brilliant flash

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Confirmation Bias

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Tendency to search for information that confirms to person's belief

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Fixation

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inability to see a problem from a new perspective

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Mental Set

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Tendency to repeat strategies

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Functional Fixedness

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tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

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Representative Heuristic

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Judges the likelihood of how patterns represent prototypes

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Availability Heuristic

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Estimating likelihood based on availability in memory (estimation of commoness of vivid memories)

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Overconfidence

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to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements

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framing

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the way an issue is posed

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belief bias

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the tendency for one's preexisiting beliefs to distort logical reasoning.

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belief perseverance

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the tendency to continue to adhere to one's beliefs even when there's contrary evidence, once it's your own, it's hard to extinguish, to minimize: consider the opposite (cognitive dissonance), also applies to personal image

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Alfred Binet

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French, developed test in early 1900s, leaned towards env. Factors, test to determine what students needed specialized attention

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Lewis Terman

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Created the Stanford-Binet test, used for immigrants and WWI soldiers, part of the eugenics movement

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Reification

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common reasoning error where an abstract concept is viewed as concrete

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Charles Spearman

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general intelligence (g)

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Howard Gardner

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multiple intelligences, 8 intelligences

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8 intelligences

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linguistic, logical-mathmatical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

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savant syndrome

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people who score low on intelligence tests, but excel in certain area

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Robert Sternberg

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3 intelligences: pratical, analytical, creative

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Emotional Intelligence

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correlates with careers, parenting, marriage, includes high-self awareness, ability to delay gratification

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Perceptual speed

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correlation between IQ scores and speed of taking in info

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Neurological speed

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higher speed (simple) and IQ scores

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glucose

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higher IQ, less glucose

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brain size

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slight correlation between head size and IQ scores in humans; greater correlation between brain size and IQ scores