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89 Cards in this Set
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developmental Psychology
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examines how people are continually developing - physically,cognitively and socially- from infancy through old age.
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3 major issue of developmental psychology
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Nature V. Nurture- how does nature or nurture influence our development
Continuity and Stages- is development gradual and continuous or is it a sequences of separate stages Stability and Change-do early personality traits persist throughout life or do we become different people as we age |
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Zygotes
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the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
will attach to uterine wall and become the embryo |
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Embryo
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the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
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Fetus
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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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Teratogens
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agents, such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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fetal alcohol syndrom
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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women heavy drinking. in severe cases symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions and brain abnormalities
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Placenta
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formed as the zygote outer cells attached to the uterine wall transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus
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Habituation
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a decrease in responding with repeated stimulation as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
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Novelty-Preference Procedure
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asked 4 month olds to recognize cats and dogs
suggests that infants like adults focus first on the face not the body |
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early brain development
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when first born a child's developing brain cortex actually overproduces neurons
from ages 3-6 there was rapid growth in your frontal lobes - which enable rational planning the association areas- memory/thinking/language are the last areas to develop |
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pruning process
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when you hit puberty fiber pathways supporting language and agility proliferate but then the pruning process shuts down excess connections and strengthens others
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maturation
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the orderly sequence of biological growth processes
it causes many of our commonalities - standing before walking, to using nouns before adjectives |
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motor development
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Universal sequences for most because its based on the maturing nervous system
we begin to walk at around 1 years old crawling, standing, walking, running |
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back-to-sleep position
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putting babies to sleep on the backs to reduce risk of a smothering crib death
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infantile amnesia
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we cannot remember our childhood
our earliest conscious memory is 3.5 years and by 4-5 childhood amnesia is giving way to remembered experiences our memories are still developing into adolescense |
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Cognition
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all the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating
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Jean Piaget
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studied young children and found a correlation in their thinking
his studies lead him to believing that a childs mind develops through a series of stages he thought that intellectual progression is an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences |
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Schemas
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Concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences
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Assimilate
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how we interpret new experiences in terms of our current understandings (schemas)
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Accomodate
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how we incorporate information provided by new experiences into our schemas
how we adapt our current understandings to incorporate new information |
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Sensorimotor stage
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from birth o nearly age 2
babies take in the world though their senses and actions - through looking,hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping experience - object permanence -stranger anxiety |
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Object Permanence
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young infants lack the awareness that objects continue to exist when not perceived
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Preoperational Stage
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from age 2 to 6-7
the stage where children are too young to perform mental operations or logic, however they are able to learn language experience - pretend play - egocentrism |
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Conservation
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the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in-shape
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Egocenttism
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the preoperational (Piaget) stage where children experiances difficulty taking in another point of view
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Theory of Mind
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peoples ideas about their own and others mental states- about their feelings,perceptions,and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict
between ages 3 1/2 and 4 1/2 children begin to realize that other people lie |
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Concrete Operational Stage
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by about 6-7 to around 11
children begin to grasp conservation and they fully gain the mental ability to comprehend mathematical transformation and conservation |
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Formal Operational Stage
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by age 12 our reasoning expands from the purely concrete (involving actual experience) to encompass abstract thinking (involving imagined realities and symbols) such as solving hypothetical propositions
Systematic Reasoning : If ... then |
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Zone of Proximal development
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the zone between what children can learn with and without help
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Stranger anxiety
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at about 8 months
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, begin at 8 months |
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Attachment
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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver (those who satisfy their need for nourishment) and showing distress on separation
around 12 months |
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Critical Period
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experience produce proper development
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imprinting
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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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secure attachment
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when placed in a strange situation children while accompanied by their parents they will play comfortably but when she leaves they will be distressed
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insecure attatchment
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when placed in a strange situation children while accompanied by their parents they will cling to their mother and when she leaves they will cry loudly and be very upset or seem indifferent
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temperament
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a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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Basic Trust
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according to Erik Erikson a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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Self-Concept
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our understanding and evaluation of who we are
at about 15-18 months a child will realize that they are the person in the mirror |
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Authoritarian Parenting Style
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Parents impose rules and expect obedience
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permissive
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parents submit to their children's desires. thye make few demands and use little punishment
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Authoritative
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Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but they also explain the reasons for rules, And especially with older children, they encourage open discussion when making rules and allow exceptions
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Gender
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in psychology the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
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Women v. Men
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Women
enter puberty sooner live 5 years longer more fat than muscle smell fainter odors express emotions freely are more likely to be depressed/ have eating disorder Males more likely to be alcohol dependent/ commit suicide autism, color blindness, ADD and antisocial more common |
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Aggression
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physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
Males - physically aggressive Females- relational aggressive (verbally/socially) |
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male answer syndrome
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males dont want to admit they dont know or are wrong
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X chromosome
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the chromosome found in both men and women. Females have 2 X chromosomes, males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child
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Y Chromosome
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the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from a female it produces a male child
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Testosterone
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the most important of the male sex hormones. both male and females have it but the addition testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
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role
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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave
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gender Roles
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a set of expected behaviors for males or for females
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Gender Identity
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our sense of being male or female
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Gender typing
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the acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role
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social learning theory
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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
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selection effect
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kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests
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Adolescence
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the years spent morphing from child to adult
starts with the physical beginnings of sexual maturity and ends with the social achievement of independent adult stasis |
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Puberty
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the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
is around a 2 year period of rapid physical development 11 in girls 13 boys |
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Primary sex characteristics
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the body structures (ovaries,testes,and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
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Secondary sex characteristics
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the nonreproductive traits, such as breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
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menarche
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first menstrual period
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spermarch
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mens first ejaculation
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moral reasoning
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thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong
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preconventional morality
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before age 9 children's morality focuses on self-interest
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conventional morality
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by early adolescence morality focuses on caring for others on upholding laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules
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Postconventional morality
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with the abstract reasoning of formal operation thought people may reach a third level of morality. Actions are judge "right" because they flow from peoples rights or from self-defined basic ethical principles
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elevation
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a tingly warm and glowing feeling in the chest when seeing people display exceptional generosity compassion or courage
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Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development
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1. trust v. mistrust - (0-3) kids need schedule
2. autonomy vs. shame -(3-6) do they have sense of pride in work 3. initiative vs. guilt - (6-12) are they ambitious 4. industry vs. inferiority (12-14) they want to use their skills and are eager to finish project 5. identity vs. role confusion (14-20)- future? 6. intimacy vs. isolation (20-30) important relationships 7. generativity vs. stagnation - (30-50) help society 8. integrity - (65+) - proud of life so far? |
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identity
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self-definition that unifies the various selves into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is.
our sense of self the adolescent task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles |
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social identity
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the "we" aspect of our self-concept the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group
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intimacy
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in Erikson theory the ability to form close loving relationships a primary development task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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emerging adulthood
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for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
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menopause
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end of womens menstrual cycles
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telomeres
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fraying of chromosome tips happens with age
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death-deferral phenomenon
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people tend to die after they have reach a new milestone such as birthday,Christmas, new year
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dementia
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a series of small strokes, a brain tumor or alcohol can progressively damage the brain causing mental erosion
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Alzheimers disease
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not caused by normal aging
memory deteriorates than reasoning loss of brain cells |
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Prospective memory
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(remember to...) helps older people remember if its based on a schedule or gives them triggers
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cross-sectional studies
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reasearches at one point tested and compared people of various ages thus they found that intelligence decreases with age
wasnt correct |
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Longitudinal
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retesting the same people over a period of years
found that intelligence remains stable until later in life |
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crystallized intelligence
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our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
vocab |
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fluid intelligence
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our ability to reason speedily and abstractly
tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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social clock
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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement
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terminal decline
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in last 3-4 years in life cognitive declines accelerates
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generatively
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being productive and supporting future generations
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instincts
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a behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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reflexes
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a simple automatic response to as sensory stimulus knee jerk response
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geminal stage
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1st phase encompassing the 1st 2 weeks after conception
zygote is created |
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motor development sequence
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- head holding
- body tuck sitting up on their own - arms and legs - crawling and walking |
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Kubler-Ross theory of Death and dying 5 stages
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1. denial
2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance |