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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory |
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. |
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Encoding |
Process of getting information into the memory system. |
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Automatic Processing |
Information that we encode automatically without trying. (Space, Time, and Frequency) |
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Effortful Processing |
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
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Shallow Processing |
Encoding on basic level. |
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Deep Processing |
Encoding deeper meaning. (Semantic Encoding) |
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Spacing Effect |
Space it out. Review information over a long period of time. |
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Serial Position Effect |
Remembering usually the beginning and the end of a list, but not the middle. |
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Rehearsal |
Repeating of information. |
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Next-in-Line Effect |
Forget the item said right in front of you or what you just looked at.
Ex. "Going to the Moon" game |
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Chunking |
Organizing items into familiar (meaningful) manageable units. |
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Hierarchies |
Dividing information from broad concepts into narrower concepts. |
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Mnemonics |
A device that aids memory, usually helps from vivid imagery.
Ex. Homes, Every Good Boy Does Fine
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Encoding Failure |
When you don't remember something because it wasn't correctly encoded. |
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Method of Loci |
Imagining passages by seeing something visually.
Ex. Walking in forest for a speech
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Storage |
The retention of encoded information over time. |
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Retrieval |
The process of getting information out of memory storage. |
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Sensory Memory |
Very brief memory storage from your senses. |
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Iconic Memory |
Hold visual for 1 to 2 seconds. |
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Echoic Memory |
Holds auditory for 1 to 2 seconds. |
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Short-Term and Working Memory |
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly.
~7 plus or minus 2 (George Miller) |
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Long-Term Memory |
Storing information over extended periods of time. |
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Long term Potential |
Increase in synapse's firing potential after brief rapid stimulation.
Ex. It's like a forest. The more you return, the better path. But if you don't, the path becomes overgrown or decayed. |
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Hippocampus |
Bridge to get short-term memories into long.
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Case of H.M. |
When he had his hippocampus removed, he couldn't remember anything new. |
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Cerebellum |
Works with the Basal Ganglia to consolidate procedural (implicit) memories. |
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Effects of Stress on LT Memories |
Stress stimulates an area of the brain where memory is kept, which increases the imprint of the memory. |
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Flashbulb Memories |
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment of event.
Ex. PTSD, rape victims |
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Explicit (Episodic and Semantic) Memory |
Memory of fact and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. (Hippocampus stores these memories.) |
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Implicit (Procedural) Memory |
Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Cerebellum stores these memories.) |
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Recall |
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier. |
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Recognition |
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned. |
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Priming |
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. |
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Mood-Congruent Memory |
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
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Context-Dependent Memory |
Recall of specific information when the context is present at encoding. |
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State-Dependent Memory |
Recall is based upon the physiological and mental state of organism. |
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Deja vu |
That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" cues may subconsciously trigger an earlier experience. |
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Amnesia |
The loss of memory. |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
Inability to form new memories. |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
Inability to retrieve information from one's past. |
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Forgetting Curve |
The course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time. |
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Proactive Interference |
Can't remember new info. |
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Retoactive Interference |
Can't remember old info. |
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Misinformation Effect |
Incorporerating misleading info into one's memory of an event. |
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Source Amnesia |
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. |
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Cognition |
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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Concepts |
A mental image of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
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Prototype |
A mental image or best example of a category. |
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Creativity |
Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. |
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Convergent Thinking |
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. |
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Divergent Thinking |
Expands the number of possible problem solutions. |
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Solving Problems |
Step 1: Identify problem Step 2: Select strategy |
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Algorithms |
Logical procedure in which guarantees solving a particular problem.
Ex. Math problems |
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Heuristics |
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements easily. |
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Representative Heuristics |
Judging based on likelihood of occuring. |
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Availability Heuristics |
Likelihood of events based on what is in memory. |
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Insight |
Reaching a conclusion or solving a problem without using heuristics of algorithms. |
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Self-Imposed Limitations |
Constraint put in place by the person. |
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Confirmation Bias |
Tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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Fixation |
The inability to see a problem from a new point of view. |
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Functional Fixedness |
Is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. |
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Hindsight Bias |
Believing you could see an outcome all along. |
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Overconfidence |
Tendency to be more confident in your abilities than correct. |
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Mental Set |
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way.
Ex. Bus driver problem |
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Belief Bias |
One's preexisting beliefs distort logical reasoning, usually invalid conclusions. |
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Framing |
The way an issue is posed. |
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Belief Perseverance |
Given two facts about a view, a person is more likely to use the facts for their view and refute the others. |
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Language |
Our spoken, written, and signal words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. |
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Phoneme |
Smallest distinctive sound unit. (DOG) |
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Morpheme |
The smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word. (un, in, pre, tri) |
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Grammar |
A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand each other. |
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Semantics |
Set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. |
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Syntax |
Set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. |
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Language Development |
1. Babbling 2. One-word 3. Two-word 4. Telegraphic Speech |
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The Case of Genie |
13 year old found in isolation argued for a critical period for language. |
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Operant Learning (B. F. Skinner) |
Argued through association, imitation, and reinforcement language is developed. |
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Inborn Universal Grammar (Noam Chomsky) |
Believed we were born with the hardware and an operating system for language in our native tongue. |
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Linguistic Determinism |
Language shapes thought. |
