Ap Psychology Unit 2 Terms

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reported that, when given a choice between black and white dolls, most chose white; internalized black prejudice

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Kenneth Clark

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Wife of Kenneth Clark and helped study the studies of black prejudice

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Mamie Phipps Clark

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with Tversky, he established a cognitive bias for common human errors

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Daniel Kahnman

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magician; used empirical applications (facts speak for themselves) when testing those claiming to see auras around people's body. exemplified skepticism. tested and debunked a variety of psychic phenomena

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James Randi

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worked with Kahneman to establish a cognitive bias for common human errors

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Amos Tversky

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aka the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomena. Finding that something has happened makes it inevitable.

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Hindsight Bias

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smart thinking that examines assumptions, discerns, hidden values, evaluates evidence and assess conclusions

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Critical Thinking

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linked with an observation, this simplifies and links facts and bridges them to a deeper principal

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Theory

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testable prediction

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Hypothesis

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describes concepts with precise procedures or measures (hunger = time without eating)

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Operational Definition

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to repeat

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Replicate

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One of the oldest research methods; examines one individual in length/depth in hopes of revealing things true to us all. directs futher study and what could happen

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Case Study

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research method; looks at many cases in less depth. take answers from different people to make a generalized whole calculation for everyone

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Survey

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all of the organisms living in the same area

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Population

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subjects are randomly selected as a representative for a whole population

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Random Sample

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research method; this does not explain behavior, but, defines it. records behavior in a natural environment.

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Naturalistic Observation

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when one trait or behavior is linked to another

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Correlation

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this helps figure out how closely 2 things vary together and thus how well one predicts the other

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Correlation Coefficient

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this is a useful summary of a set of 2 variable data

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Scatterplot

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percieved but nonexistent correlation that help explain superstitious beliefs (EX. child tends to believe that all teachers are nice, so therefore he automatically trusts a teacher upon meeting)

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Illustory Correlation

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kind of research where the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the condition, including the independent variable

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experiment

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a process by which participants are assigned to each group purely by chance

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random assignment

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both researchers and participants are uninformed about the nature of the independent variable being administered (they dont know who gets what)

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double-blind procedure

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where participants feel as if they are changed simply because they were told they would

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placebo effect

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group of experiment who are exposed to the treatment of interest

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experimental group

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participants who are used as a comparison for the experimental group. not given special treatment of interest

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control group

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operates independently of everything else in the study. MANIPULATED!!

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Independent Variable

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anything that could cause change in B, that is not A. You don't see this coming.

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Confounding variable

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measured outcome of a study; the responses of subject in a study

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dependent variable

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number that appears most often

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mode

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average of the numbers in data

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mean

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the middle amount in numerical data

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median

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the lowest through highest number in a set of data

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range

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a measure of the spread of the distribution of values of some attribute that is being measured (plus or minus)

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standard deviation

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graph interpretation of a population. bell shaped. highest frequency in the middle and the farther you get from the middle, the frequency diminishes

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normal curve

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probability of some result from a statistical test occurring by chance

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statistical signifigance

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blend of language, beliefs, customs, values, and traditions that are developed and shared by a group of people

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culture

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research participants know about the procedures of the research as well as any dangers so they can opt out if needed

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informed consent

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short interview between researchers and participants immediately following the experiment

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debriefing

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was it coincidence or random? provide ways of testing the reliability of the findings of a study (T-test, ANOVA, MANOVA)

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inferential studies

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measure data published in a journal

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journal statistics

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tendency of individuals to portray themselves as more favorable

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social desirability

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factors that affect the dependent variable that aren't the independent variable

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extraneous variables

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when not all subjects are in a sample

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sampling bias

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tendency for respondents to act differently when being watched. questions asked guide them to a certain direction

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response set

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to act ACCORDINGLY to social situation

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social desirability bias