Ap Psychology: Princeton Review: Ch. 8: States Of Consciousness

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State of Consciousness

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enables us to evaluate the environment and filter info from environment through the mind, while being aware of the occurrence of this process

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Stream of thought

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consciousness according to William James

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Consciousness

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a mental reality that we create in order to adapt to the world; seves to establish our personal identity; responsible for monitoring ourselves/our environment;controlling and planning responses based on monitoring

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Preconscious level

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info that is available to consciousness, but that isn't always in the consciousness; retrieved when needed(tip of the tongue phenomenon)

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Subliminal Perception

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form of preconscious processing that occurs when we are presented with stimuli so rapidly that we are not consciously aware of them

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Subconscious/Unconscious level

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level at which info is stored that is too difficult to deal with consciously;

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Repression

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process of moving info that makes us anxious from consciousness to the unconscious

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Freudian Slips

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when material in the unconsciouss leaks out through freudian slips; psychologically meaningful mistakes in words or grammar or in dreams

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Controlled processing

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awareness of what we are doing

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Automatic processing

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mechanically performed tasks

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Daydreaming

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state in which we can regain consciousness in a moment, and meditation

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Sleep

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altered state of consciousness

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melatonin

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neurochemical which plays a role in sleep

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Circadian Rhythm

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body temp and other physiological markers that follow a day-to-night type of pattern

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Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

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provide a picture of the electrical activity of the brain; how brain waves are measured

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Alpha Waves

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produced by out brains when we are awake and relaxed

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Beta Waves

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state 1 sleep, small irregular waves

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Theta Waves

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deep sleep waves

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Sleep Spindles

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stage 2 sleep; pattern of waves; occasionally broken up by K complexes- large slow waves; skeletal muscles relax during this protion of sleep

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Delta Waves

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stage 3 and 4 of sleep; most common;

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REM(Rapid Eye Movement)

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eyes move vigorously; paradoxical sleep

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Insomnia

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lack of sleep; take the form of inability to fall asleep or the inability to maintain sleep

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Narcolepsy

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inability to stay awake

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Sleep Apnea

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disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing while sleeping; obesity and alcohol; sudden infant death syndrome

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Sleepwalking/ somnambulism

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when individual walks around and sometimes talks when asleep;

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Activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming

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dreams are the product of our awareness of neural activity due to sensory input while we're sleeping; neural repair, consolidation of memories, protein synthesis occur during dreams

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nightmare

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elaborate dream sequence that produces a high level of anxiety or fear for the dreamer

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night terrors

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occur in much deeper sleep states; behaviors of screaming, crying, jerking/lunging movements while asleep

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Hypnosis

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altered state of consciousness in which the hypnotized person is very relaxed and open to suggestion; usually no recollection

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neodissociative theory

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theory of hypnosis; hypnosis dives or dissociates the mind into two parts; one part obeys hypnotist, other park silently observes everything

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Posthypnotic Suggestion

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instructions given to people when they are hypnotized that are to be implemented after they wake

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Psychoactive drugs

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alter consciousness; affect behavior and consciousness and cab be divided into CNS depressants, CNS stimulants, narcotics, and hallucinogens

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CNS depressants

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drugs that slow down the CNS; alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers; elevate mood and relax inhibitions; induces intoxication: state of behavioral and cognitive impairment

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Alcohol

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decreases neural dopamine levels; reduction in attention and motor ability; dizziness, slurred speech, impaired judgment, reduced reflexes,respiratory depression and death

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Barbiturates

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drugs that inhibit neural arousal centers; decreased anxiety, increased relaxation, sleep; respiratory depression and death; addictive and dangerous when mixed w/ other depressants

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Tranquilizers

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antianxiety drugs; reduce anxiety w/out inducing sleep and have a lower potential for addiction than do barbiturates

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CNS Stimulants

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chemicals that excite the CNS

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Caffeine

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mild CNS stimulant that is widely used; accelerates heart rate, constricts blood vessels; reduces levels of adenosine; irritability, anxiety, insomnia, polyuria, rapid heart rate

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Adenosine

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neurochemical regulator of CNS activity

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Amphetamines

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powerful CNS stimulants that increase body temp and heart rate; addictive; stimulate production of dopamine and norepinephrine; leading to stimulation and euphoria; moter dysfunction can occur

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Cocaine

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extremely potent stimulant that causes increases in heart rate and blood pressure; increased mental and social ability; causes dopamine and norepinephrine release as well as serotonin release; highly addictive

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Nicotine

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CNS stimulant found in tobacco smoke; stimulating acetylcholine transmission; mixed stimulant and depressant behavioral effects, decreases appetite and increases heart rate and respiration; causes euphoria and dizziness; highly addictive

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Narcotics

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substances that are derived from the opium plant; resemble endogenous endorphins; directly stimulate receptors for the endogenous endorphins; relieve pain and induce relaxation and euphoria; heroin, codeine, opium, relieve pain, induce relaxation and euphoria; impaired cognitive ability, sweating, nausea, respiratory depression; highly addictive

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Endogenous endorphins

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neurochemicals responsible for pain relief and implicated in pleasant feelings and euphoria

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Hallucinogens

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drugs that distort consciousness by induction hallucinations and illusions; sensory synesthesia, LSD and mescaline; affect serotonin system

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Dependence

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occurs when an individual continues using a drug despite overarching negative consequences in order to avoid unpleasant physical and/or psychological feelings associate with not taking it

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Tolerance

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increasingly larger dose are needed in order for the same effect to occur; possible to develop tolerance w/out being dependent

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Withdrawal

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process of weaning off a drug one has become dependent upon; bad physical and psychological symptoms