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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
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Higher-Order Conditioning
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Behaviour that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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Respondent Behaviour
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Thorndike's principle that behaviours followed by favourable consequences become more likely, and the behaviours followed by unfavourable consequences become less likely.
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Law of Effect
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An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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Primary Reinforcer
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A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
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Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary Reinforcer)
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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Variable-Interval Schedule
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A relatively permanent change in an organism's behaviour due to experience
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Learning
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Learning that certain events occur together
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Associative Learning
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A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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Classical Conditioning
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The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes
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Behaviourism
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In classical conditioning, the unlearning naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US)
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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In classical conditioning, the learning response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
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Acquisition
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The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
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Extinction
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The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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Spontaneous Recovery
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The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
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Generalization
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In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal unconditioned stimulus
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Discrimination
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A type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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Operant Conditioning
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Behaviour that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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Operant Behaviour
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In operant conditioning research, a chamber (a.k.a. Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
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Operant Chamber
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An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour
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Shaping
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In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behaviour it follows
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Reinforcer
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Increasing behaviours by presenting positive stimuli such as food
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Positive Reinforcement
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Any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response
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Positive Reinforcer
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Increasing behaviours by stopping or reducing negative stimuli such as shock
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Negative Reinforcement
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Any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response
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Negative Reinforcer
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Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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Continuous Reinforcement
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Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
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Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
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An event that decreases the behaviours that it follows
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Punishment
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A mental representation of the layout of one's environment
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Cognitive Map
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Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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Latent Learning
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A desire to perform a behaviour effectively for its own sake
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Intrinsic Motivation
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A desire to perform a behaviour to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
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Extrinsic Motivation
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Learning by observing others
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Observational Learning
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The process of observing and imitating a specific behaviour
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Modelling
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Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
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Mirror Neurons
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Positive, constructive, helpful behaviour
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Prosocial Behaviour
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