Ap Psychology Myers 9E Chapter 16

Front 1

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Back 1

Social Psychology

Front 2

The theory that we explain someone's behaviour by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

Back 2

Attribution Theory

Front 3

The tendency for observers, when analysing another's behaviour, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Back 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Front 4

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Back 4

Attitude

Front 5

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favourable thoughts

Back 5

Central Route to Persuasion

Front 6

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Back 6

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Front 7

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Back 7

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

Front 8

A set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Back 8

Role

Front 9

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.

Back 9

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Front 10

Adjusting one's or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Back 10

Conformity

Front 11

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Back 11

Normative Social Influence

Front 12

Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Back 12

Informational Social Influence

Front 13

Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Back 13

Social Facilitation

Front 14

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Back 14

Social Loafing

Front 15

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Back 15

De-individuation

Front 16

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Back 16

Group Polarisation

Front 17

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Back 17

Groupthink

Front 18

An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Back 18

Prejudice

Front 19

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralised) belief about a group of people.

Back 19

Stereotype

Front 20

Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group and its members

Back 20

Discrimination

Front 21

"Us"- people with whom we share a common identity

Back 21

Ingroup

Front 22

"Them"- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Back 22

Outgroup

Front 23

The tendency to favour our own group

Back 23

Ingroup Bias

Front 24

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Back 24

Scapegoat Theory

Front 25

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. a.k.a cross-race effect and own-race bias

Back 25

Other-Race Effect

Front 26

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Back 26

Just-World Phenomenon

Front 27

Any physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt or destroy

Back 27

Aggression

Front 28

The principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression

Back 28

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Front 29

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Back 29

Mere Exposure Effect

Front 30

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Back 30

Passionate Love

Front 31

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Back 31

Companionate Love

Front 32

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Back 32

Equity

Front 33

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Back 33

Self-Disclosure

Front 34

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Back 34

Altruism

Front 35

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Back 35

Bystander Effect

Front 36

The theory that our social behaviour is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximise benefits and minimize costs

Back 36

Social Exchange Theory

Front 37

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Back 37

Reciprocity Norm

Front 38

An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

Back 38

Social-Responsibility Norm

Front 39

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Back 39

Conflict

Front 40

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behaviour

Back 40

Social Trap

Front 41

Mutual views often held by conflicting people as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Back 41

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Front 42

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Back 42

Superordinate Goals

Front 43

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Back 43

GRIT