Ap Psychology Exam Review

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Introspection

(Chapter 1)

Back 1

the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes. Example "quiet introspection can be extremely valuable" Synonyms: self-analysis, self-examination, soul-searching, introversion, self-observation

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Structuralism

(Chapter 1)

Back 2

a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity

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Functionalism

(Chapter 1)

Back 3

is a theory about the nature of mental states. According to functionalism, mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

(Chapter 1)

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Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego (unconscious motives).

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Behaviorism

(Chapter 1)

Back 5

The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.

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Humanist Perspective

(Chapter 1)

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The humanistic perspective is an approach to psychology that emphasizes empathy and stresses the good in human behavior. In politics and social theory, this approach calls for human rights and equality.

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Bio-psychology (or Neuroscience) Perspective

(Chapter 1)

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is the theoretical perspective in which learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. The key assumptions of behaviorism are: The environment influences behavior.

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Evolutionary (or Darwinian) Perspective

(Chapter 1)

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Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

Front 9

Behavioral Perspective

(Chapter 1)

Back 9

Behaviorism is the theoretical perspective in which learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. The key assumptions of behaviorism are: The environment influences behavior.

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Cognitive Perspective

(Chapter 1)

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The cognitive perspective is concerned with understanding mental processes such as memory, perception, thinking, and problem solving, and how they may be related to behavior.

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Social-cultural (or sociocultural) Perspective

(Chapter 1)

Back 11

is a theory used in various fields such as psychology and is used to describe awareness of circumstances surrounding individuals and how their behaviors are affected specifically by their surrounding, social and cultural factors.

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Trephination

(Chapter 1)

Back 12

is a surgical intervention where a hole is drilled, incised or scraped into the skull using simple surgical tools.

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Key People (Chapter 1)

Wihelm Wundt (1832-1920)

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-Set up the first physiological laboratory in an apartment near the university at Leipzig

-He trained subjects in introspection

-For the experiment the subjects were asked to accurately record their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli

-Wundt hoped to conclude with his experiment by examine basic cognitive structures

-He describes structuralism as “the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations”.

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Key People (Chapter 1)

William James (1842–1910)

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-published The Principles of Psychology, the science’s first textbook.

-James examined how these structures Wundt identified function in our lives (James’s theory is called functionalism).

Front 15

Key People (Chapter 1)

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)

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who studied with William James and went on to become president of the American Psychological Association.

Front 16

Key People (Chapter 1)

Margret Floy Washburn (1871–1939)

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was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.

Front 17

Key People (Chapter 1)

G.Stanley Hall (1844–1924)

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-pioneered the study of child development and was the first president of the American Psychological Association.

Front 18

Key People (Chapter 1)

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)

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Gestalt Theory (Wertheimer)

- Along with Kohler and Koffka, Max Wertheimer was one of the principal proponents of Gestalt theory which emphasized higher-order cognitive processes in the midst of behaviorism.

Front 19

Hindsight bias

(Chapter 2)

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-also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite their having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.

Front 20

Applied Research

(Chapter 2)

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-is a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science. It accesses and uses some part of the research communities' (the academia's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state-, business-, or client-driven purpose.

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Basic Research

(Chapter 2)

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-also called pure research or fundamental research, is scientific research aimed to improve scientific theories for improved understanding or prediction of natural or other phenomena.

Front 22

Hypothesis

(Chapter 2)

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-a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

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Independent Variable

(Chapter 2)

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-An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.

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Dependent Variable

(Chapter 2)

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-is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment. The dependent variable responds to the independent variable. It is called dependent because it "depends" on the independent variable

Front 25

Theory

(Chapter 2)

Back 25

-a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained

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Operational definition

(Chapter 2)

Back 26

-are at their most controversial in the fields of psychology and psychiatry, where intuitive concepts, such as intelligence need to be operationally defined before they become amenable to scientific investigation, for example, through processes such as IQ tests

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Validity

(Chapter 2)

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-refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

Front 28

Reliability

(Chapter 2)

Back 28

-is the consistency of a research study or measuring test. For example, if a person weighs themselves during the course of a day they would expect to see a similar reading. Scales which measured weight differently each time would be of little use

Front 29

Sampling

(Chapter 2)

Back 29

-is the process of selecting participants from the population. The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn.

Front 30

Sample

(Chapter 2)

Back 30

-is the group of people who take part in the investigation. The people who take part are referred to as “participants"

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Population

(Chapter 2)

Back 31

The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn.

Front 32

Representative Sample

(Chapter 2)

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-is a subset of a statistical population that accurately reflects the members of the entire population.

A representative sample should be an unbiased indication of what the population is like.

Front 33

Random sampling

(Chapter 2)

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is a sample in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to represent the whole.

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Stratified sampling

(Chapter 2)

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is a population sample that requires the population to be divided into smaller groups, called 'strata'. Random samples can be taken from each stratum, or group.

Front 35

Laboratory Experiment

(Chapter 2)

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occurs in a controlled environment

Front 36

FieldExperiment

(Chapter 2)

Back 36

occurs out in the world

Front 37

Confounding variables

(Chapter 2)

Back 37

-participant and situation relevant

Front 38

Random assignment

(Chapter 2)

Back 38

-Random assignment refers to the use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group. Study participants are randomly assigned to different groups, such as the experimental group, or treatment group.

Front 39

Controls

(Chapter 2)

Back 39

-to control a variable are precisely to remove it as a confounded variable.

Front 40

Group matching

(Chapter 2)

Back 40

-ensures that experimental and control group are equivalent with regards to criteria (sex, race, height etc.).

Front 41

Experimenter’s bias

(Chapter 2)

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is when an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment. Type of: bias, preconception, prejudice. A partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation

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Single-blind Procedure

(Chapter 2)

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an experimental procedure in which the experimenters but not the subjects know the makeup of the test and control groups during the actual course of the experiments

Front 43

Double-blind procedure

(Chapter 2)

Back 43

A double-blind study is one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. This procedure is utilized to prevent bias in research results. Double-blind studies are particularly useful for preventing bias due to demand characteristics or the placebo effect.

Front 44

Response or participant bias

(Chapter 2)

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occurs in psychology experiments when participants adjust their behavior to what they think the experimenters expect.

Front 45

Social desirability

(Chapter 2)

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is the tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. It can take the form of over-reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad or undesirable behavior.

Front 46

Hawthorne effect

(Chapter 2)

Back 46

is a psychological phenomenon that produces an improvement in human behavior or performance as a result of increased attention from superiors, clients or colleagues.

Front 47

Placebo method

(Chapter 2)

Back 47

is a positive effect that occurs after receiving treatment (interaction, therapy, medication), even when the treatment is inert (inactive, fake).

Front 48

Correlation (positive and negative)

(Chapter 2)

Back 48

The direction of a correlation is either positive or negative. In a negative correlation, the variables move in inverse, or opposite, directions. In other words, as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. For example, there is a negative correlation between self-esteem and depression.

Front 49

Survey method

(Chapter 2)

Back 49

is a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals. Surveys are commonly used in psychology research to collect self-report data from study participants. A survey may focus on factual information about individuals, or it might aim to obtain the opinions of the survey takers.

Front 50

Response rate

(Chapter 2)

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(also known as completion rate or return rate) in survey research refers to the number of people who answered the survey divided by the number of people in the sample. It is usually expressed in the form of a percentage.

Front 51

Naturalistic observation

(Chapter 2)

Back 51

is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment.

Front 52

Case Study method

(Chapter 2)

Back 52

is the use of a descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a person, group, or phenomenon. A variety of techniques may be employed including personal interviews, direct-observation, psychometric tests, and archival records.

Front 53

Descriptive statistics

(Chapter 2)

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describe or summarize a set of data. Measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion are the two types of descriptive statistics. The mean, median, and mode are three types of measures of central tendency.

Front 54

Frequency distribution

(Chapter 2)

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is a table that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample.