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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cerebral Cortex
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Outer covering of the brain
Reasoning, planning, organizing, remembering, imagining Divided into 4 lobes, 2 hemispheres Plasticity- other areas take up slack if one is damaged |
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Frontal Lobe
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Nearest to face
Reasoning, planning, problem solving, emotions, movement Primary motor cortex Broca's area |
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Broca's Area
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Speech production
Located at frontal lobe |
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Primary Motor Cortex
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Located at frontal lobe
Priorities: Hands, lips/jaw/tongue |
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Parietal Lobe
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Located behind frontal lobe
Information from skin senses Damage may cause individual to forget where parts of their body are located |
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Occipital Lobe
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Located in the back of the brain
Visual functioning |
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Temporal Lobe
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Located on lower sides of brain (by ears)
Hearing, memory, speech Wernicke's Area |
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Damage to Occipital Lobe
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Visual Holes
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Damage to Temporal Lobe
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Loss of ability ro recognize speech and sounds
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Wenicke's Area
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Located at temporal lobe
Understanding speech. |
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The hemispheres
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Lateralization of function- each half of the brain is responsible for different functions
Right hemisphere controls left side of body, vice versa |
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Corpus Callosum
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Nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres
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Left Hemisphere Responsibilities
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Speech, Language, Writing, Logic, Science
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Right Hemisphere
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Creativity, Art, Architercture, Spatial Tasks, Emotions
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Brain Stem
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Located at the base of the Brain
Pons, Medulla, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum |
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Pons & Medulla
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(Brain Stem)
Sensory pathways between brain and muscles or glands |
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Reticular formation
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(Brain Stem)
Sleep and arousal and muscle tone functions |
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Cerebellum
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(Brain Stem)
Regulation of motor activities- balance, coordination |
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Hypothalamus
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Regulates autonomic nervous functions:
Sweating, salivating, rbeathing, blood presure, etc. Homeostasis Eating and drinking, sex drives |
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Limbic System
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Thalamus
Amygdala Hippocampus |
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Thalamus
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(Limbic System)
Sensation relay center Sensory information enters (except smell) and is directed to another part of the brain |
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Amygdala
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(Limbic System)
Emotional control and emotional memmories |
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Hippocampus
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Memory
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and Spinal Cord
Spinal cord- sends messages to & from brain Afferent Nerves Efferent Nerves Reflexes |
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Afferent Nerves
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(CNS)
messages from body --> brain |
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Efferent Nerves
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(CNS)
messages from brain --> body |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System -Sympathetic Nervous System -Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Somatic Nervous System
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(Peripheral NS)
Connected to voluntary muscles |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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(Peripheral NS)
Connected to organs and involuntary muscles -Sympathetic NS -Parasympathetic NS |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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(Autonomic NS)(-->Peripheral NS)
Prepares the body for energizing activity |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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(Autonomic NS)(-->Peripheral NS)
Prepares the body to relax/ store energy |
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Endocrine System
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Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Gonads |
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Pituitary Gland
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(Endocrine System)
'Master Gland' Sends messages to all other glands Involved in height-growth hormone |
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Thyroid Gland
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(Endocrine System)
Metabolism |
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Adrenal Gland
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(Endocrine System)
Prepares body for important activity- adreniline |
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Lesioning
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Intentional removal/ damage of part of the brain (labotomy)
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Structural Analysis Devices
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CAT scan
MRI |
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Functional Analysis Devices
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PET
EEG SQUID |
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Functional and Structural Analysis Device
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fMRI- gives MRI image and detects blood flow
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PET
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(functional analysis)
traces radioactive isotopes as they move trough brain |
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EEG
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(functional analysis)
traces electrical impulses in brain |
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SQUID
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(functional analysis)
traces magnetic impulses |
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Neuron
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Nerve cell
Transmits information electrically and chemically throughout body |
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Dendrites
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Branching structures connected to cell body
Bring neural information to cell body |
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Cell Body
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Area of Neuron which contains and protects the nucleus
Nucleus- contains genetic material of the cell |
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Axon
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Long extension of neuron
Information pathway Transports info away from the cell body -Myelin Sheath -Nodes of Ranvier -Schwann's Cells -Axon Terminals -Terminal Nodes |
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Myelin Sheath
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(Axon)
Fatty substance that protects and lubricates axon |
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Nodes of Ranvier
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(Axon)
Gaps in Myelin Sheath Impulses "jump" to them |
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Schwann's Cells
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(Axon)
Make up Myelin |
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Axon Terminals
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(Axon)
ends of the axon fire impulses to other neurons |
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Terminal nodes
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Last point on axon terminals before impulse is sent
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How Neural Info Travels
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Dendrites recieve info
Dendrites send to cell body Cell body sends to axon Axon sends to axon terminals Axon terminal nodes send to a different neuron's dendrite |
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How Neuron's Fire
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Resting Potential
>Depolarization >Threshold >Action Potential >All or none principal >Direction of Impulse >Refractory period |
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At the Synsapse
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Neurons do not touch
Neurotransmitters are specific |
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Known Neurotransmitters
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Seratonin
Dopamine Aceytlcholine GABA Endorphins Norepinephrine |
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Serotonin
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Mood control
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Dopamine
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Voluntary motor movements and alertness
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Aceytlcholine
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voluntary motor movements
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GABA
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skilled motor movements (dexterity)
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Endorphins
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Pain control
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Norepinephrine
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Alertness & arousal
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Tactile sensations
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touch/pressure
temperature pain |
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How pain is processsed (phsyiologically)
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Processed in Parietal Lobe
Sharp pain- large myelinated nerve fibers Throbbing pain- smaller unmyelinated nerve fibers Travel up spinal cord Endorphins released |
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Gate-Control Theory
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Neaural mechanisms in the spinal cord can either open or close to inform the brain of pain
Large nerve fibers can close the "gate", whcih small nerve fibers can not Thus, stimulating large nerve fibres can control pain |
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Somatoform Disorders
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Disorders which involve physical pain and symptoms of disease or injury, but lack a clear physical origin
Pain is REAL, NOT faked |
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The outer ear
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Pinna
Funnel-like shape to trap incoming sound |
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Middle ear
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Ear drum (tympanic membrane)- thin peice of skin stretched tightly, vibrates when sound hits itOval window- ear bones cause vibrations in oval window
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Cochlea
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Oval window shakes choclea
fluids inside cause tiny hair cells to bend hair cells are "tuned" to certain frequencies When frequencies are met the hairs fire an impulse |
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Auditory nerve
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Impulses fired from hair cells within cochlea is sent to the auditory nerve
Sent to brain for processing |
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Chemical Senses
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Stimulated by molecules
-Olfaction (smell) -Taste |
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Olfaction
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Sense of smell (chemical sense)
Provides info about food Pheromones-odor chemicals that communicate sexual interest Processed in Limbic System (rather than thalamus, where other senses are processed) |
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Taste
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(chemical sense)
Receptors- taste buds Sweet: energy Sour: spoiled foods Bitter: poisions Salt: Nerve cells, muscles, body chemistry |
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Exterior Structure of the Eye
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Cornea- Clear outer covering
Iris- colored muscle that opens and closes Lens- focuses object on the back of the eye Pupil- opening in the eye |
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Interior Structure of the Eye
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Retina- back of the eye where light receptors are found
Blind Spot- Where the optic nerve exits and there are no light receptors Fovea- cones are highly concentrated Optic Nerve- carries visual information to the brain |
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Rods & Cones
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Rods- visual receptors sensitive to violet wavelengths; used for night vision; recieve no color information
Cones- Visual receptors that respond during daylight to color |
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Color Vision Theories
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Trichromatic Theory
Opponent Process Theory |
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Trichromatic theory
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3 types of cones sensitive to blue, green, and red
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Opponent Process Theory
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3 groups of opposing colors (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white)
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Color blindness
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Can see yellow-bluee range but not red-green range
Rare, mostly found in males |
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Size Constancy
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Distant images should appear smaller, vice-versa
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Monocular Cues
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Cues to depth and distance provided by one eye
Linear perspective Lines meet at a vanishing point to indicate distance Texture gradient We can see details close, but no far |
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Binocular Cues
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Cues to depth and distance requiring both eyes
Binocular disparity- difference in eye angle for objects- greater difference further, and vice-versa Convergence- Your eyes must cross to contrinue to focus for near objects |
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Signal detection theory
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Motivation is the driving force to percieve
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Gestalt Theory of Perception
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Images are percieved as groups, not isolated
We want to view image as a sum of its parts if there is: -Proximity, similarity, continuity, closure |
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Top-Down Processing
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Using background knowledge to fill in gaps in an image (view image as a sum of its parts)
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Bottom-Up Processing
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Only using features of object to percieve image
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Absolute Thershold
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The minimum amount of stimulus that is perfectly detectable by humans 50% of the time
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Just-Noticible (Difference) Threshold-
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The minimum amount of change in a physical stimulus necessary for the difference in intensity of the stimulus to be detected by the person
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Action Potential
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The electrical charge changes rapidly across the cell membrane of a neuron, which communicates information within the neuron
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Resting Potential
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A signal within neurons that results from external physical stimulation. the magnitude of the signal depends on the size of the stimulus.
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Depolarization
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When a neurotransmitter makes a neuron more positive so that it will be more likely to fire
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Kinesthesia
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The sense that vies us information about the location of body parts in relation to each other and enables movement.
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Vestibular sense
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Sense of balance.
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Frequency Hearing Theory
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Sounds at different frequencies (heard as different pitches) induce different rates of neural activity in the hair cells of the inner ear
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Place Hearing Theory
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Sounds at different frequencies (heard as different pitches) induce different rates of neural activity in the hair cells of the inner ear
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Frequency Hearing Theory
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Sounds at different frequencies stimulate different areas of the basilar membrane, the portion of the cochlea containing sensory receptors for sound
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