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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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developmental psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
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zygote
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the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
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embryo
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the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
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fetus
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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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teratogens
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agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
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rooting reflex
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a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
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habituation
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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
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maturation
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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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schema
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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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assimilation
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interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
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accommodation
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adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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cognition
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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sensorimotor stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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object perminance
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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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preoperational stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
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conservation
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the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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egocentrism
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in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
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theory of mind
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people's ideas about their own and others' mental states --about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
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autism
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a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
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concrete operational stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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formal operational stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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stranger anxiety
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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
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attachment
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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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critical period
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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imprinting
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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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basic trust
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according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy bu appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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self-concept
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a sense of one's identity and personal worth
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