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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acculturation
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The degree to which a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture.
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Algorithm
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A methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem.
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Alternative outcomes effect
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Phenomenon that occurs when people’s belief about whether an outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the assumed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant.
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Availability heuristic
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.
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Bilingualism
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The acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabularies, and grammatical rules
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Cognition
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The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
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Confirmation bias
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The tendency to seek information that supports one’s decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information.
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Conjunction fallacy
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An error that occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.
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Decision making
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The process of evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.
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Fast mapping
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The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure to the word.
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Field dependence-independence
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Individuals’ tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space.
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Framing
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How issues are posed or how choices are structured.
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Functional fixedness
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The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.
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Gambler’s fallacy
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The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently.
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Heuristic
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A strategy, guiding principle, or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions.
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Insight
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In problem solving, the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error.
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Language
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A set of symbols that convey meaning, and rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages.
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Language acquisition device (LAD)
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An innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language.
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Linguistic relativity
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The theory that one’s language determines the nature of one’s thought.
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Mean length of utterance (MLU)
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The average length of children’s spoken statements (measured in phonemes).
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Mental set
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Persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.
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Metalinguistic awareness
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The ability to reflect on the use of language.
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Morphemes
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The smallest units of meaning in a language.
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Overextensions
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Using a word incorrectly to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to.
(Ball means everything round) |
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Overregularization
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In children, incorrect generalization of grammatical rules to irregular cases where they do not apply. (She goed)
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Phonemes
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The smallest units of sound in a spoken language.
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Problem solving
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Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily available.
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Problem space
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The set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver.
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Representativeness heuristic
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
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Risky decision making
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Making choices under conditions of uncertainty.
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Semantics
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The area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations.
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Syntax
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A system of rules that specify how words can be combined into phrases and sentences.
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Telegraphic speech
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Speech that consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted.
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Theory of bounded rationality
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Simon’s assertion that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal.
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Trial and error
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Trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works.
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Underextensions
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Errors that occur when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to. (Doll means one specific doll)
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Amnesia
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A significant memory loss that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting.
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Anterograde amnesia
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Loss of memories for events that occur after a head injury.
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Attention
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Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
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Chunk
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A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
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Conceptual hierarchy
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A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.
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Connectionist models
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See parallel distributed processing (PDP) models.
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Consolidation
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A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.
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Decay theory
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The idea that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.
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Declarative memory system
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Memory for factual information.
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Dual-coding theory
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Paivio’s theory that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall.
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Elaboration
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Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
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Encoding
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Forming a memory code.
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Encoding specificity principle
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The idea that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code.
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Episodic memory system
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Chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences.
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Flashbulb memories
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Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.
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Forgetting curve
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A graph showing retention and forgetting over time.
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Hindsight bias
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The tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.
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Interference theory
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The idea that people forget information because of competition from other material.
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Levels-of-processing theory
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The theory holding that deeper levels of mental processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.
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Link method
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Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.
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Long-term memory (LTM)
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An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
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Long-term potentiation (LTP)
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A long-lasting increase in neural excitability in synapses along a specific neural pathway.
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Method of loci
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A mnemonic device that involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations.
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Mnemonic devices
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Strategies for enhancing memory.
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Nondeclarative memory system
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Memory for actions, skills, and operations.
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Overlearning
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Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it.
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Acoustic Encoding
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The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
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Automatic Processing
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Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as, space, time and frequency of well-learned information such as word meanings
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Deja Vu
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The eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
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Effortful processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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Explicit Memory
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Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Aka - declarative memory.)
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Implicit Memory
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Retention independent of conscious recollection (Aka - procedural memory)
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Mood- Congruent Memory
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The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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