Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
psychology
|
the science of behavior and mental processes
|
|
|
monism
|
seeing mind and body as different aspects of the same thing
|
|
|
dualism
|
seeing mind and body as two different things that interact
|
|
|
nature- nurture controversy
|
the extent to which behavior results from heredity or experience
|
|
|
school of struturalism
|
early psychological perspective that emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection
wundt |
|
|
school of functionalism
|
early psychological perspective concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment
stream of consciousness james |
|
|
behavioral approach
|
psychological perspective concerned w/ behavioral reactions to stimuli; learning as a result of experience
pavlov, watson, skinner |
|
|
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach
|
how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior
freud, adler, horney, kohut |
|
|
humanistic approach
|
individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth towards one's potential
rogers, maslow |
|
|
biological approach
|
physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes
|
|
|
cognitive approach
|
how we receive, store, and process information; think/reason; and use language
|
|
|
evolutionary approach
|
how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spread of our acnestors' genes
|
|
|
sociocultural approach
|
how cultural differences affect behavior
|
|
|
eclectic
|
use of techniques and ideas from a variety of approaches
|
|
|
clinical psychologists
|
evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
|
|
|
counseling psychologists
|
help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle
|
|
|
developmental psychologists
|
study psychological development throughout the lifespan
|
|
|
educational psychologists
|
focus on how effective teaching and learning take place
|
|
|
engineering psychologists
|
do research on how people function best with machines
|
|
|
forensic psychologists
|
apply psychological principles to legal issues
|
|
|
health psychologists
|
concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors involved in health and illness
|
|
|
industrial/organizational psychologists
|
aim to improve productivity and quality of work life
|
|
|
neuropsychologists
|
explore relationships bt. brain/nervous systems and behavior
|
|
|
thoeries
|
organized set of concepts that explain phenomena
|
|
|
hypothesis
|
prediction of how 2+ factors are likely to be related
|
|
|
confounding variables
|
factors that cause differences bt. experimental group and the control group other than the independant variable
|
|
|
experimenter bias
|
phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
|
|
|
single- blind procedure
|
participants don't know whether they are in the experimental or control group
|
|
|
double- blind procedure
|
neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group
|
|
|
placebo effect
|
response to the belief that the independant variable will have an effect, rather than the actual effect of the independent variable, which can be a confounding variable
|
|
|
correlation coefficient
|
statistical measure of the degree of relatedness or association bt. 2 sets of data that ranges from -1 to +1
|
|
|
broca's area
|
loss of speech
|
|
|
wernicke's area
|
can't comprehend information
|
|
|
lesions
|
precise destruction of brain tissue
|
|
|
corpus callosum
|
connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
|
|
|
left side of the brain
|
verbal, math, analysis
|
|
|
right side of the brain
|
music, holistic functions
|
|
|
CAT/CT
[computerized axial tomography] |
computerized image using x-rays passed through various angles of the brain showing 2d slices that can be arranged to show the extent of a lesion
|
|
|
MRI
[magnetic resonance imaging] |
magnetic field and pulses of radio waves cause emission of faint radio frequency signals that depend upon the density of the tissue
|
|
|
EEG
[electroencephalogram] |
amplified tracing of brain activity produced when electrodes positioned over the scalp transmit signals about the brain's electrical activity to a machine
|
|
|
PET
[positron emission tomography] |
produces color computer graphics that depend on the amount of metabolic activity in the imaged brain region
|
|
|
fMRI
[functional MRI] |
shows the brain at work ta higher resolution than the PET scanner
|
|
|
central nervous system
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
peripheral nervous system
|
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
|
|
|
somatic nervous system
|
motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle
|
|
|
autonomic nervous system
|
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
responses that help your body deal with stressful events
|
|
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
calms your body following sympathetic stimulation
|
|
|
medulla
|
where fibers cross, resulting in opposite side control
regulates heart rhythm, blood flow, breathing rate, digestion, vomiting |
|
|
pons
|
part of reticular formation for arousal
bridge bt. cerebral hemispheres and both medulla and cerebellum |
|
|
cerebellum
|
motor function, balance
|
|
|
thalamus
|
relay station/switchboard for sensory pathways carrying visual auditory, taste, somatosensory info to/from cerebral cortex
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
body temperature and heart rate w/ sympathetic and parasympathetic centers in the medulla
appetitive drives emotional states biological rhythms |
|
|
amygdala
|
aggression and fear
|
|
|
hippocampus
|
formation of long-term memory
|
|
|
cerebral cortex
|
receives and processs sensory info and directs movement; center for higher order processes
|
|
|
occipital lobes
|
sight
|
|
|
parietal lobes
|
senses
|
|
|
frontal lobes
|
motor functions
broca's area in left side |
|
|
temporal lobes
|
hearing
wernicke's area in left side |
|
|
neurotransmitters
|
chemicals stored in structures of the terminal buttons called synaptic vsicles
|
|
|
acetylcholine
|
contraction of skeletal muscles, helps regulate heart muscles, involved in memory, and transmits messages bt. brain and spinal cord
lack- Alzheimer's |
|
|
dopamine
|
stimulates hypothalamus to syntehsize hormones and affects alertness and mvmt
lack- parkinson's too much- schizophrenia |
|
|
seretonin
|
sexual activity, concentration and attention, moods, and emotions
lack- depression |
|
|
endorphins
|
brain's own pain killers
|
|
|
GABA
|
inhibits firing of neurons
lack- huntingtons |
|
|
action potential
|
net flow of sodium ions into the cell that causes a rapid change in potential across the membrane
|
|
|
synapse
|
neurotransmitters attach to specific receptor sites on membranes of dendrites of postsynaptic neurons
|
|
|
excitatory
|
neurotransmitters casue the neurons to generate an action potential to fire
|
|
|
inhibitory
|
reducing or preventing neural impulses
|
|
|
absolute threshold
|
weakest level of a stimulus that can be correctly detected at least half the time
|
|
|
signal detection theory
|
minimum threshold varies with fatigue, attention, expectations, motivation...
|
|
|
difference threshold
|
minimum difference bt. any 2 stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time
|
|
|
just noticeable difference
|
experience of the difference threshold
|
|
|
cornea
|
transparent, curved layer int he front of the eye that bends incoming light rays
|
|
|
iris
|
colored muscle surrounding the pupil that regulates the size of the pupil opening
|
|
|
pupil
|
small adjustable opening in the iris that is smaller in the bright light and larger in the darkness
|
|
|
lens
|
structure behind the pupil that changes shape, becoming more spherical or flatter to focus incoming rays into an image on the light-sensitive retina
|
|
|
retina
|
light-sensitive surface in the back of the eye conatining rods and cones that transduce light energy
|
|
|
fovea
|
small area of the retina in the most direct line of sight where cones are most concentrated for highest visual acuity in the bright light
|
