Ap Psych Semester 1 Final

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psychology

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scientific study of the human mind and it's functions and behaviors

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structuralisim

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used introspection to expose structural elements of the human mind

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functionalisim

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focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function

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behaviorism

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psychology should be 1) an objective science that 2) studies behavior w/out mental processes

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gestalt psychology

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an organized whole. gestalt psychology emphasizes our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

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psychoanalytic psychology

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freuds theory of personality and theraputic techniques that attributes thoughts and actions to UNCONSCIOUS motives and conflicts

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psychodynamic psychology

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views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences

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cognitive approach

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combines changing self-defeating thinking with changing behavior

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biological approach

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science, brain

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biological psychology

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explores the links between brain and mind

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clinical psychology

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promote psychological health in individuals, groups, and organizations

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cognitive psychology

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study thought processes and focus on topics like perception, language, attention, ect

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counseling psychology

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helps people adjust to life transitions

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developmental psychology

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conduct research in age-related behavioral changes

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educational psychology

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study the relationship between learning and our physical and social environments

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experimental psychology

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investigate behavior processes inolving humans and animals

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human factors psychology

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focus on interaction w/people, machines, environment

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industrial-orginizational psychology

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studies the relationship between people and their working environments

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personality psychology

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studies personal traits

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psychometric psychology

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study methods and techniques to acquite psychological techniques

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social psychology

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interested in our interactions with others. studies beliefs, feelings, behaviors, ect

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mary calkins

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first women to be president of APA

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charles darwin

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natural selection, believed this happened in animals as well

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dorothea dix

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pressured lawmakers to construct and fund asylums for the mentally ill

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g stanley hall

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president of APA founded psych lab, first to earn phd

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william james

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thought everything developed from what we adapt

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edward titchener

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structuralism

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margaret washburn

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first harvard psych phd

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wilhelm wundt

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created experimental apparatus

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parts of the neuron

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nucleus, axon, soma, dendrites, myelin sheath, axon terminal, node of raniver

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dendrites

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recieve info

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cell body/soma

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makes decisions

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axon

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carries away message

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myelin sheath

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speedy transmission

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axon terminal

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holds vessicles

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neurotransmitters

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THE MESSAGE

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how is action potential created

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action potential is created by a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon. also known as a neural impulse

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what is the process of neurotransmission

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neurotransmitters transport the message. neurotransmitters are found in vessicles. the neurotransmitters transport the message to the dendrites and the entire process starts again.

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ACH

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ach is acetochlorine. it best understands the neurotransmitters. it is the messenger between every motor neuron and skeletal muscle. when released, muscles contract.

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agonist

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drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters

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antagonist

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drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by copying their receptor sites

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how do drugs affect neurotransmission?

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by being antagonists. they block the neurotransmitter from being able to transport the message

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how does behavior effect the endocrine system?

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the endocrine system is made up of hormone-secreting glands. this effects behavior because hormones control behavior.

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how do the endocrine system and the nervous system interact?

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they interact by allowing communication to happen throughout the body

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central nervous system

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main organs: brain and spinal cord

recieves and processes info from the senses

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peripheral nervous system

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contains the somatic nervous system (sensory and motor nerves), controls bodies skeletal muscles. contains the autonomic nervous system

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cerebral cortex

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thin outermost layer of brain, most dominant part. has 4 lobes

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motor cortex

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important for interpreting sounds and language

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sensory cortex

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located in the pariteal lobe and processes essential sensory information

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association areas

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cortical regions that combine information from various parts of the brain

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limbic system

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aha moments, MEMORY AND EMOTIONS, fear, rage, ecstacy

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amygdala

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emotion-agreesion, fear, pleasure centers, sex, eating

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hypothalamus *FRQ

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integration center of and, regulates thirst hunger body tempt. rewards center

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brainstem

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oldest central core of the brain, contains all functions needed for survival

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thalamus

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relays info

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cerebellum *FRQ

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little brain, works with brain stem and higher brain centers to control complex movement

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brocas area

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located in left frontal lobe, involved in PRODUCING speech

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wernickes area

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located in left temporal lobe, involved in language COMPREHENSION

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case studies about the brain

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lesioning studies/electric stimulation

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split brain research

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corpus collosum can be severed in accidents and cause brain damage. splitting it is called a "split brain" surgery

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EEG

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electroencephologram, readout of electrical brain activity

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pet

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visual display of brain activity that detects radioactive forms of glucose

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mri

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uses magnetic fields and radio waves to product computer generated images of tissue

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fmri

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technique for revealing bloodflow and brain activity

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paul broca

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french physician, research revealed brocas area

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charles darwin

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founded the theory of natural selection

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michael gazzaniga

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started the SAGE center for the study of mind

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roger sperry

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developed split brain research

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carl wenicke

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founded wernickes area

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depressants

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depress the nervous system, calm neural activity and slow body functions

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examples of depressants

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alcohol, opiates, barbiturates

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opiates

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heroin, codeine, and morphine

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bariturates

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tranquilizers, nembutal, amytal

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stimulants

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drugs that excite the neural activity and speed up body functions

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examples of stimulants

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cocaine, ecstasy, methamphetamines, nicotine

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hallucinogens

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psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images

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examples of hallucinogens

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lsd, marijuana, thc

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example of a psychoactive drug

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caffeine, nicotone, alcohol

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tolerance

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consistent use of a psychoactive drug causing the user to need more of the drug to get the effect

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addiction

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when someone is dependent on a drug and they have constant cravings

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physical dependence

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a physical need to have the drug just to feel normal

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psychological dependence

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an emotional need for a drug

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withdrawal

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if you are dependent on a drug you will go through withdrawal when you stop taking it

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stage 1 of sleep cycle

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light sleep, 5-10 min, very slow brain waves

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stage 2 of sleep cycle

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light sleep, 20 min, sleep spindles

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sleep spindles

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bursts of brain activity in the reticular formation

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stage 3 of the sleep cycle

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first stage of deep sleep, delta waves show up

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stage 4 of sleep cycle

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second stage of deep sleep, lasts 30 minutes, sleep walking happens here

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stage 5 of sleep cycle

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rem sleep, one hour, intense dreams, known as paradoxial sleep

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narcolepsy

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overwhelming daytime sleepiness

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sleep apnea

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temporary sessentions of breathing during sleep

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insomnia

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recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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circadian rythm

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the 24-hour biological clock to which our bodies synchronize

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theta waves

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very slow brain waves

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delta waves

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medium speed, associated with deep sleep

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manifest content

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information in dreams you remember and can consciously recall

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latent content

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hidden, symbolic, meaning of the dream. unconscious

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savant syndrome

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condition in which a person demonstrates profound and prodigious capacities or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal

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emotional intelligence

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is the ability to monitor one's own and other people's emotions, to discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior.

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alfred binet

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invented the first practical intelligence test

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lewis terman

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educational psychology

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g factor *spearman

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cognitive abilities. It is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among different cognitive tasks, reflecting the fact that an individual's performance at one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to his or her performance at other kinds of cognitive tasks.

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general intelligence *gardner

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refer to the common core shared by cognitive tests.

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factor analysis

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statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors

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flynn effect

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substantial increase in average scores on intelligence tests all over the world

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standardization

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process of developing and implementing technical standards.

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normal curve

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bell shaped curve

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reliability

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overall consistnecy of a measurevalidi

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validity

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extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world.

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medulla

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the base of the brainstem, controls heart beat and breathing

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effortful processing

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encoding that requires attention and conscious efforta

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automatic processing

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unconscious encoding of incidental info of well learned info

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deep processing

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deeply process info in a meaninful way so it is stored correctly

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shallow processing

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processing words based on their phonemic and orthographic compenets

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focused attention

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state of concetrations on one stimuli

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divided attention

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state of concentration on multiple things at once

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short term memory

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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number

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long tern memory

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relativley permanent and litless storehouse of the memory system

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sensory memory

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immidiate, very brief, recording information

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procedural memory (implicit)

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retention of motor skills, motor and cognitive

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declarative memory (explicit)

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refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge

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visual encoding

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picture images

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semantic encoding

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meaning, including memory of words

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acoustic

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sound, especially words

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the hippocampus relates with... memory

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explicit

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the cerebellum relates with...memory

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implicit

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serial position effectt

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tendency to recall best the last and first terms in a list

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ebbinghaus

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created the forgertting curve and spacing effect

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lotfus

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formed the misinformation effect

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misinformation effect

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occurs when peoples recollections of events are distorted by information given to them after the events offucred

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sensory memory (iconic)

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momentary memory of VISUAL stimuli

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echoic memory

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momentary memory of AUDITORY stimuli

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LTP

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an increase in a synapse firing potential zfter brief, rapid stimulation believed to be a neural basis of learning and memory

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flash bulb memories

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long term memory of emotionally signficant events

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7 sins of forgetting

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transcience, absent-midnesses, blocking, bias, misattribution, suggestibility, persistence

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paul ekman

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studied emotions

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izzard

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differential emotions theoryq

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catharsis

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the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.

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feel good, do good phonomenom

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peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

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adaptation level phonomenom

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human tendency to adapt to stimuli while expecting future stimuli to be the same

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relative deprivation

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lack of resources to sustain the diet, lifestyle, activities and amenities that an individual or group are accustomed to

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general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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3 stages explaining how the body reacts to stress

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PONS

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SLEEP AND DREAMING

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fundamental atrribution error *FRQ

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people's tendency to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics to explain someone else's behavior in a given situation, rather than considering external factors.

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proactive interference *FRQ

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A cause of forgetting by which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information.

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projection *FRQ

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humans defend themselves against unpleasant impulses by denying their existence in themselves, while attributing them to others

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central route *FRQ

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focuses on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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individualism *FRQ

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the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant.

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self efficacy *FRQ

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an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments

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foot-in-the-door phonomenom *FRQ

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tendency for people who have first agreed to a request to comply later with additional requests

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autonomic nervous system *FRQ

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regulates the functions of our internal organs (the viscera) such as the heart, stomach and intestines.

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locus of control

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refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them.

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HOW DO YOU WRITE AN FRQ

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1) define- clear consistent definition

2) explain- use ONE sentence to help clarify the term

3) apply- what is the prompt asking? use an example **"this demonstrates _____ BECAUSE...**