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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Motivation
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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.
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ex. The man climbed the mountain and cut his own arm off because he found motivation to live - he wanted children.
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Instinct Theory
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focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors. a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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ex. motivated to do things because it's in your genes. now replaced by evolutionary perspective.
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Drive-reduction theory
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the idea that physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
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ex. we eat to satisfy the physiological need of food.
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Homeostasis
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a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
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ex. regulation of body chemistry - blood glucose levels. Temperature regulation.
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incentives
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a positive of negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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ex. i will finish these notecards in order to do well on the test -- the test is the incentive
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hierarchy or needs
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Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs, safety needs, need for love, self esteem needs, self actualization needs, self transcendence.
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ex. the pyramid we drew in class. the bottom needs to be satisfied first.
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what controls hunger?
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hypothalamus (lateral hypothalamus makes hungry, ventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger.) , orexin - hormone. ghrelin - secreted by empty stomach.
obestatin - supresses hunger. leptin - secreted by digestive tract |
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set point
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the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set.
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ex. when you get below this, the body stores energy more and acts hungry. when you get above this, the body uses energy more.
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basal metabolic rate
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the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
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ex. when not doing enything, this is how much energy is released per amount of time.
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social facilitation
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tendency to eat when others are eating.
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ex. after a party you realize you've over eaten.
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anorexia nervosa
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an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat
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ex. models can be anorexic. sufferes have low self-evaluations, set perfectionist standards, fret about falling short of expectations.
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bulimia nervosa
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an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise.
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ex. the airforce lady in the video
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binge-eating disorder
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significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust or guilt, but without compesatory purging, fasting, or ecessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
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ex. someone usually becomes overweight because of this.
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sexual response cycle
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the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
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ex. the study by william and virginia.
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William and Virginia
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Sex study
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ex. mapped the sexual response cycle
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Excitement phase
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genital areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands adn secretes lubricant and her breasts and nipples may enlarge.
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Plateau phase
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excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase.
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orgasm
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further increases in breathing, pulse and blood pressure rates
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refractory period
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a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
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ex. the amount of time between orgasms.
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estrogens
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sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics
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ex. peak at ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
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testosterone
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the most important of the male sex hormones. both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the males sex organs.
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ex. male sex hormone. fuel into a car.
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reasons for teen pregnancy
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ignorance, minimal communication about birth control, guilt related to sexual activity, alcohol use, mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity.
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predictors of sexual restraint
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high intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, participation in service learning programs
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sexual orientation
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an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual).
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ex. being gay vs. being straight
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ostracism
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social exclusion
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ex. shunning
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emotions
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a response of the whole organism involving 1. physiological arousal, 2. expressive behaviors, and 3. conscious experience.
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feeling scared, happy, sad, angry, etc.
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James-Lange theory
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the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
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in a car crash, feel heart pounding and then realize you're afraid.
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Cannon-Bard theory
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the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1. physiological responses and 2. the subjective experience of emotion.
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in a car crash, the heart pounding and realizing you're afraid occur together.
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two-factor theory
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the schachter-singer theory that to experience emotion one must 1. be physically aroused and 2. cognitively label the arousal
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ex. in car crash, one first feels heart beat and recognizes that beat as fear, and then feels the fear.
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spillover effects
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arousal from previous event is added to a following event
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running and coming home to find good news.
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polygraph
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lie detector
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works by detecting the amount of arousal (sweat, etc) based on a control question. Then all following questions are compared to this.
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facial feedback
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the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.
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see a smile, feel happy. force yourself to smile, feel happy. botox paralyzes muscles to make you happier.
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catharsis
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emotional release. the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy( through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
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venting your anger
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feel-good, do-good phenomenon
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people's tendancy to be helpful when already in a good mood.
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ex. i have a good day and thus help you pick up papers.
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well-being
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self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.
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i feel that i have a a very good well-being.
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adaptation-level phenomenon
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our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior existence
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adjusting the temperature to "neutral.
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relative deprivation
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the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.
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ex. the war people comparing themselves to others in the war.
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behavioral medicine
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an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease.
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behavior + medicine
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health psychology
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a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.
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psychology in medicine.
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stress
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the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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the wheelchair and the truck.
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cortisol
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stress hormone system
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glucocorticoid stress hormones
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general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
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selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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describes stress.resistance to stress can only last so long.
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coronary heart disease
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the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.
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a kind of disease. promoted by stress.
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Type A
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Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
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ex. when you're hard working and angry too.
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Type B.
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Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people.
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ex. Mrs. B's husband.
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psychophysiological illness
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literally "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.
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ex. headaches
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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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the study of how psychological, neural and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
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how do these incfluence our health and wellness?
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lymphocytes
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two types of white blood cells that are part of immune system.
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b lymphocytes form in bone marrow and release antibodies. t lymphocytes form in thymus and attach cancer cells and viruses.
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