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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognition |
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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Concept |
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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Prototypes |
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category. |
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Algorithm |
Solving problems, complex |
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Heuristic |
Solving problems, not always guaranteed, simple. |
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Insight |
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
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Confirmation bias |
A tendency to search for info that confirms one's pre-conceptions. |
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Fixation |
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an impediment to problem solving |
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Mental set |
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has previously been successful |
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Functional fixedness |
Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions |
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Overconfidence |
The tendency to be more confident than correct. |
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Belief bias |
Tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions. |
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Belief perseverance |
Clinging to one's initial conception after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
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Language |
Our spoken, written or signed words. |
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Phoneme |
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |
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Morpheme |
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word. |
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Grammar |
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
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Semantics |
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, word,s and sentences in a given language. |
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Syntax |
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensitive sentences in a given language. |
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Babbling stage |
4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds. |
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One-Word stage |
Ages 1-2, child speaks mostly single words |
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Two-word stage |
Age 2, child speaks mostly 2 word statements |
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Linguistic determination |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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Intelligence |
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt. |
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Factor analysis |
Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items |
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General intelligence |
Underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task and on an intelligence test. |
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Savant syndrome |
Person limited in mental ability, but has an exceptional specific ability. |
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Emotional intelligence |
Ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions |
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Intelligence test |
A method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. |
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Mental age |
A measure of intelligence test, typical age corresponding with performance. |
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Aptitude test |
Test to predict future performance |
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Achievement test |
A test designed to assess what a person has learned |
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Reliability |
Extent to which a test yields consistent results |
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Validity |
Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it's supposed to. |
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Content validity |
Extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. |
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Predictive validity |
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is |
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Mental retardation |
A condition of limited mental ability, score of 70 or below on IQ tests. |
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Down syndrome |
A condition of retardation and associated with physical disorders. |
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Heritability |
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. |
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Stereotype threat |
A self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. |
