Ap Psych Learning

Front 1

learning

Back 1

a lasting change in a behavior or mental process that results from experience(s)

Front 2

habituation

Back 2

learning not to respond to repeated presentation of a stimulus

ex: hearing planes overhead

Front 3

mere exposure effect

Back 3

learned preference for a stimuli to which we have been previously exposed

ex: edgar snyder, uggs, restaraunt= 3 things you order off the menu

Front 4

complex learning

Back 4

being able to link a stimuli

ex: driving and seeing a yellow light and slowing down

*value rewards

Front 5

classical conditioning

Back 5

a form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate REFLEX produced by another stimulus

Front 6

neutral stimulus - NS

Back 6

stimulus that produces no response prior to learning

Front 7

unconditioned stimulus - US

Back 7

stimulus that elicits unconditioned response

Front 8

unconditioned response -UR

Back 8

without prior learning

ex: seeing food >salivation
(meat powder)

Front 9

acquisition

Back 9

when conditioned response comes to be elicited by condition stimulus

ex: dog drooling at just the bell

Front 10

conditioned stimulus - CS

Back 10

same as NS

Front 11

conditioned response - CR

Back 11

same as UR

Front 12

contiguity model

Back 12

closer the time of CS and UCS the greater the liklihood of learning

*TIME

Front 13

contingency model

Back 13

more you pair NS and CS together the greater the liklihood of learning

*every time food is presented to the dog, pavlov must ring the bell

Front 14

extinction

Back 14

weakens response by eliminating CS or UCS

ex: ring bell but no food

Front 15

spontaneous recovery

Back 15

occurs when extinguished CR reappears after a long delay.
Lower intensity than it was.
Only needs to be introduced once.

Front 16

stimulus generalization

Back 16

learned response to stimuli that are similar to CR or CS

Front 17

stimulus discriminaiton

Back 17

change in response to one stimulus but not to stimulus that are similar
[ability to differentiate]

ice cream man song in the middle of winter vs. summer

Front 18

relearning

Back 18

requires you to relearn info or a task you have already mastered

may take several times - NOT spontaneous

Front 19

behavoiralists on learning

Back 19

argue we cannot focus on mental process, must study observable

Front 20

cognitists on learning

Back 20

learning requires that we make inferences about hidden processes

chemical change

Front 21

thorndike's work and law of effect

Back 21

operant learning = instrumental learning

animal learning- set out to determine if animals can think, using cats.

hungry cat placed in a small cage or "puzzle box" with food available outside. Cat would escape by performing specific response. Returned to box-- thorndike reasoned: sudden drop in how long it takes for cat to get out means cat recognized solution.
instead- gradual decline in time it took cats, showed cats were learning.

*law of effect

Front 22

law of effect

Back 22

if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

Front 23

skinner's principle of reinforcement

Back 23

organisms tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences

Front 24

reinforcement

Back 24

occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response

Front 25

skinner's experimental procedures

Back 25

rat/pigeon placed in skinner box. small bit of food delivered when animal makes designated response. *response rate

Front 26

ratio schedules

Back 26

based on number of correct responses

fixed ratio: contingent on a certain unvarying number of correct responses meaning reward every time

variable ratio: reinforcement in which number of responses required varies from trial to trial

Front 27

interval schedule

Back 27

reinforcement based on time

fixed interval: reinforcement is contingent on certain time period ie flex

variable: time period for reinforcement varies from trial to trial

Front 28

positive reinforcement

Back 28

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus ie good grades, flattery

Front 29

negative reinforcement

Back 29

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

Front 30

punishment two types

Back 30

positive punishment: application of an averse stimulus ie spanking, burning yourself on stove

negative/omission: removing a stimulus ie having car keys taken, no desert

Front 31

things that make punishment more effective

Back 31

1. applied swiftly without delay
2. be consistent
3. explain the punishment
4. target the behavior not the person
5. avoid mixed signals
6. use non-corporal punishment

Front 32

negative reinforcement vs. punishment

Back 32

negative reinforcement increases response

punishment decreases

Front 33

punishment

Back 33

adverse stimulus which occuring after a response should diminish or weaken reoccurance of that response

Front 34

observational learning

Back 34

learning by watching others focus on action and consequence

4 conditions:
attention process
retention process
motivation
reproduction process

Front 35

bobo experiment

Back 35

children exposed to two videos 1 with adult hitting bobo and another that didn't hit bobo. children exposed to first video hit bobo when placed in a room with it.

Front 36

media violence

Back 36

100 studies- relationship between watching violence on tv/movies and conducting violence yourself

Front 37

psychic numbing

Back 37

reduction in emotional arousal and distress when observing real life acts of violence ie rough neighborhoods

Front 38

kohler's findings

Back 38

insight learning: problem solving which occurs by means of sudden reorganization or perception

Front 39

tolman's view on cognitive map

Back 39

mental representation of a physical space

latent learning: not expressed until situation calls for it

key concept: more exploration is more we can adapt