Ap Psych Learning

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Learning

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A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

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Associative Learning

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Learning that certain events occur together

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Classical Conditioning

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A type pf learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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Behaviorism

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The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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Unconditioned Response

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In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

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Unconditioned Stimulus

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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

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Conditioned Response

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In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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Conditioned Stimulus

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In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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Acquisition

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In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

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Higher-Order Conditioning

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A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus

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Extinction

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The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; in operand conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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Generalization

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The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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Discrimination

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In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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Spontaneous Recovery

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The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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Operant Conditioning

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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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Respondent Behavior

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Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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Operant Behavior

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Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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Law of Effect

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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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Shaping

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An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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Operant Chamber

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In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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Reinforcer

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In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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Positive Reinforcement

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Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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Negative Reinforcement

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Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a Spohn strengthens the response.

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Primary reinforcer

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And innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

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Secondary reinforcer (Conditioned Reinforcer)

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Stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer

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Continuous reinforcement

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Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

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Partial/ intermittent reinforcement

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Reinforcing a response only part of the time; resulting in slower acquisition of a response that much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

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Fixed ratio schedule

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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

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Variable ratio schedule

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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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Fixed interval schedule

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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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Variable interval schedule

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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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Punishment

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An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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Cognitive map

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A mental representation of the layout of one's environment

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Latent learning

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Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it

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Observational learning

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Learning by observing others

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Modeling

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The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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Mirror neurons

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Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy

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Prosocial behavior

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Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

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Insight

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A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

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Taste Aversion

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A learned response to eating spoiled or toxic food

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Behavior Modification

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Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors

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Albert Bandura

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The pioneering researcher of observational learning. (Bobo doll experiment)

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John Garcia

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Challenged the prevailing idea that all associations can be learned equally well

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Ivan Pavlov

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Experimented with classical conditioning. Pavlov's puppies experiment

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Robert Rescorla

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Showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

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B.F. Skinner

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Developed a behavioral technology that revealed principles of behavioral control

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Edward Thorndike

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Created the Law of Effect (rewarded behavior is likely to recur)

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Edward Tolman

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Experimented with latent learning in animals

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John Watson

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Believed that the basic laws of learning were the same for all animals

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Emotional Learning

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Learning how to talk in front of a crowd