Ap Psych Intelligence And Motivation

Front 1

Intelligence

Back 1

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experiences, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Front 2

Two controversies over intelligence

Back 2

1- is intelligence a single overall ability or several specific abilities.

2- with the tools neuroscience now offers, can we locate and measure intelligence within the brain?

Front 3

IQ nature vs. nurture

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-Psychologists debate over how much of intelligence is learned or hereditary.
- We will never know because an experiment cannot be set up to test intelligence.
-The flynn effect seems to point to environmental because the gene pool has been consistent but people seem to be getting smarting.
- Monozygotic twins(identical), who share 100 % of genetic info score about the same on IQ tests where dizygotic twins(fraternal) who share only 50% usually don't score the same. This points to nature.
-Most separated identical twins have the same IQ score which points to nature but sometimes both twins grow up in white, middle class homes.
-Racial differences in IQ show that intelligence may be genetic but than again because of greater poverty levels for minorities that could be an environmental reason why they score lower.

Front 4

Flynn effect

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when performance on intelligence tests increase steadily as a whole during the century.

Front 5

How is intelligence calculated?

Back 5

Through the Stanford-Binet IQ test and the WAIS, WISC and WPPSI.

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Fluid Intelligence

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our ability to solve abstract problems and pick up new info and skills.

Front 7

Crystallized intelligence

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using knowledge learned over time.

Front 8

Find IQ percentage

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divide mental age by physical age than times by 100.

15/10 x 100 = 150

Front 9

Spearman

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thought intelligence could be expressed by a single factor. He used factor analysis to conclude that underlining the many different specific abilities(s) thats people regard as single intelligences are really only a single factor for general intelligence.(g)

Front 10

factor analysis

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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items( factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.

Front 11

general intelligence

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(g) a general intelligence factor that spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Front 12

Gardner

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believed in multiple intelligences. in the beginning his intelligences did not label most of the people only a certain few; his first three intelligences were linguistic, logical-mathematical and spatial but than he added musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.

Front 13

intrapersonal

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ability to understand oneself

Front 14

interpersonal

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ability to understand other people

Front 15

Goleman

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emotional intelligence- EQ, it responds to garners interpersonal and intrapersonal idea.
- Goleman argues that people with high IQ are not always the most successful people, and both are needed to succeed.

Front 16

Sternberg

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thinks that three different intelligences exist. from his Sternberg triarchic theory.
-componential or analytical- traditional intelligence, our ability to compare, contrast, analyze and explain.
- experiential and creative- intelligence that allows people to use their knowledge in new and innovative ways, they come up with their own theories of what intelligence is
- contextual or practical- street smart people and apply it to real life situations and this last one is the most controversial because is intelligence depend on context and sternberg thinks that intelligent behavior depends on the situation in which it occurs and if this is true many of our standard tests would not measure intelligence correctly because they are ability based.

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constructing an IQ test

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you need validity, reliability and standardization.

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validity

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the test measures what it is suppose to measure

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reliability

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repeatability or consistency of the test as a means of measurements
ex- if you take a test three times you should get roughly the same score.
- The reliability of a test can be measured with split half reliability, equivalent-form reliability and test-retest reliability.

Front 20

split half reliability

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randomly dividing a test into two halfs and than correlating peoples performance on the two halfs. the greater the correlation is to +1 the greater the split half reliability of the test is

Front 21

equivalent-form reliability

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correlation between performance on the different forms of the test

Front 22

test-retest reliability

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the correlation between a persons score on one administration of the test with the same persons score on a subsequent administration of the test

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Face validity

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refers to a superficial measure of accuracy- a test of cake-baking ability has high face validity if you are looking for a chef but low if your looking for a doctor. This is a type of content validity

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content validity

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how well a measure reflects the entire range of material it is suppose to be testing- a test thats goes with the abilities that are being tested- a chef test where one has to make a cake and pie would have good content validity.

Front 25

criterion-related validity

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tests have two kinds of criterion related validity- concurrent and predictive.
Concurrent- measures how much character a person has now or such as how good of a chef is this person
predictive validity- measure of future performance- does a person have the qualities to become a better chef?

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construct validity

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meaningful kind of validity- correlated what good chef's abilities were like and are like to those who want to be good chefs to kind of judge their ability. the higher the correlation the more construct validity the new measure has.

Front 27

standardization

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defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested "standardization group"

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Binet measured

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he came up with the concept of mental age to help identify children who needed special education in france. He created a test.
Test and scores can be compared because the test is standard. Only measured if kids were mentally slow not if kids were really smart

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Stanford-Binet test

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was made from binets IQ test, terman from standard which remade binets test that gave it an upper intelligent end and a lower end.

Front 30

WAIS

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the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. Used in 1900 to see if immigrants were feeble minded. later it was adapted into the WISC for school kids, it consists of many subtests and if there is a huge gap between two subtests it leads one to assume their is learning disability,

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savant syndrome

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where people with limited mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, like drawing.

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theory x

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assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone and extrinsically motivated by money and thus should be directed from above.

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theory y

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assumes that given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

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optimal arousal

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based on the ideas that different individuals perform better at different levels of arousal and that every individual seeks to find its optimum level. Some people enjoy a quite evening to relax while others might prefer a loud concert to end a tough week. This also explains the behaviors of thrill-seekers. There optimum arousal level is high, so to feel comfortable they get involved in sensational acts.

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intrinsic motivation

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inside motivation- the want to succeed at something.

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extrinsic motivation

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outside motivations- such as work or money

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drive reduction theory

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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state(a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Front 38

instinct

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a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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incentive

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a pos or neg environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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motivation

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a need or desire that energies and directs behavior

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homeostasis

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a tendncy to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Front 42

achievement motivation

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a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people or ideas; for attaining a high standard.

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marlow

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Hierarchy of needs and feels that our physical needs such as food and water are the most basic and needed. Only if we achieve those do we get to move up in our needs but his hierarchy is that set in stone sometimes our own will can override these. Felt that the highest of human needs was to achieve ones full potential

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approach-approach

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choose between two things you really want to do

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approach-avoidance

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when an event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features.

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avoidance-avoidance

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choose between two unattractive ideas

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multiple approach- avoidance

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where a person have to choose two or more things where each has both desired and undesirable features. such as choosing a college, you may like many things and some you dont.

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refractory period

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a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

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sexual response cycle

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the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution