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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chromosomes |
threadlike structures that are made of DNA molecules that contain genes contain genes 46 in humans |
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DNA |
a complex molecule containing the genetic info that is the makeup of a chromosome double helix |
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genes |
the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes capable of synthesizing a protein |
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genome |
complete instructions for making an organism; consists of all the genetic material in its chromosomes human genome has 3 billion pairs |
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natural selection |
theory that traits that lead to increased reproduction rate and survival will most likely be passed on through generations survival of the fittest- Darwin |
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mutation |
random error in gene replication- change in nucleotides increases genetic diversity |
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evolutionary psychology |
study of evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection- Darwin idea that all behaviors develop through evolution |
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gender |
characteristics by which people identify as male or female separate from sexuality |
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behavior genetics |
study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior how do genetics affect behavior? |
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environment |
every nongenetic influence on a person prenatal care |
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identical twins |
twins who develop from a single, fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms identical fingerprints |
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fraternal twins |
twins who develop from separate eggs, sharing a fetal environment No closer than brother and sister |
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temperament |
a person's emotional reactivity and intensity affects a persons behavior |
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heritability |
proportion of variation among individuals that are attributed to genes how likely a trait is inherited |
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interaction |
dependence of the effect of one factor on another factor environment on behavior |
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molecular genetics |
subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes used in behavior genetics |
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culture |
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions held by a large group of people passed on by one generation to the next |
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norm |
understood rule for what behaviors are considered acceptable by society describes "proper" behavior |
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personal space |
buffer zone we like to maintain around ourselves impossible in hallways at west |
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memes |
self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person change rapidly |
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X chromosome |
sex chromosome 2= female found in both male and females |
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Y chromosome |
sex chromosome- combined with x = male found only in males |
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testosterone |
most important male sex hormone present in both male and female |
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role |
set of norms about a social position- how they should behave niche |
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gender role |
set of expected behaviors for males and for females traditionally well defined |
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gender identity |
one's sense of being a male or female separate from biological identifiers of sex |
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gender-typing |
acquisition of a traditional masculine and feminine role separate from exhibition of traits |
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social learning theory |
theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished assumes that we learn behaviors- not genetic |
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gender schema theory |
theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male or female they adjust their behavior accordingly |
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developmental psychology |
studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout our life span studies every stage of life |
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zygote |
fertilized egg 2-week period of rapid cell division that forms an embryo |
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embryo |
developing human organism 2-weeks - 2nd month |
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fetus |
developing human organism 9-weeks through birth |
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teratogens |
agents that reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm viruses |
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fetal alcohol syndrome |
physical and mental abnormalities in children caused by pregnant woman's heaving drinking facial abnormalities |
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rooting reflex |
baby's tendency when touched on the cheek to open mouth and search for a nipple shows behavioral sequences in infants |
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Habituation
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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
shown in infants who lose interest in repeated events |
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maturation |
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience |
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schema |
concept or framework that organizes and interprets information mental idea of what something should be |
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assimilation |
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas developed quickly by toddlers |
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accomodation |
adapting one's schemas to incorporate new info adjustment to original idea |
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cognition |
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating grows stages- piaget |
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sensorimotor stage |
birth to 2 years infants know the world mostly in terms of their senses and motions |
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object permanence |
awareness that that things exist and continue to exist after they are removed from perception peek a boo |
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preoperational stage |
2 years to 6 or 7 years child learns language but does not yet comprehend mental operations of logic |
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conservation |
principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects different shaped containers hold same amount |
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egocentrism |
inability of a preoperational child to take another's point of view if I can't see you, you can't see me |
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theory of mind |
people's ideas about their own and other's mental states predict behaviors |
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autism |
disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind a child with autism fails to understand social constructs |
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concrete operational stage |
6 or 7 years to 11 children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events |
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formal operational stage |
around 12 years people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
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stranger anxiety |
fear of strangers that infants commonly display begins at about 8 months |
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attachment |
emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver by showing distress on seperation |
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critical period |
optimal period when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development span of time |
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imprinting |
process which certain animals form attachments during early critical periods cloth mom |
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basic trust |
sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy said to be formed during infancy from responsible caregivers |
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self-concept |
sense of one's identity and personal worth positive or negative |
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adolescence |
transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence |
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puberty |
period of sexual maturation person becomes able to reproduce |
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primary sex characteristics |
body structures that make sexual reproduction possible ovaries, testes etc. |
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secondary sex characteristics |
nonreproductive sexual characteristics females- hips and breasts males- voice quality and body hair |
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menarche |
first menstrual period helps produce sense of independence |
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identity |
one's sense of self solidified in adolescence |
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intimacy |
ability to form close, loving relationships primary task in late adolescence and early adulthood |
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menopause |
time of natural cessation of menstruation also refers to biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines |
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Alzeimer's disease |
progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning |
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cross-sectional study |
people of different ages are compared to one another mental ability at different ages |
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longitudinal study |
same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time can show growth and decline in mental ability |
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crystallized intelligence |
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tends to increase with age |
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fluid intelligence |
one's ability to speedily and abstractly reason tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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social clock |
culturally preferred timing of social events marriage |
