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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What enzyme is present in saliva and what does it digest?
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amylase and it digests carbohydrates
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Mumps is an infection of which glands?
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parotid glands
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Where are the parotid glands located?
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below and in front of the ear
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Where are the submandibular glands located?
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inferior to the base of the tongue
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Where are the sublingual glands located?
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anterior to the submandibular glands under the tongue
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How many teeth are in a complete set of permanent teeth?
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32
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Varicosis of the esophagus is usually caused by...
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cirrohsis of the liver
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How is food moved thru the esophagus?
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peristalsis
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Where does digestion of proteins begin?
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in the stomach
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What are the layers of the stomach wall?
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mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
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What enzyme do chief cells secrete?
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pepsinogen
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What do parietal cells secrete?
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HCL and intrinsic factor
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What to G cells secrete?
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the hormone gastrin
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What does HCL do?
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converts pepsinogen into active pepsin, digests proteins, and destroys foreign organisms
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what does Intrinsic factor do?
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helps with the absorption of Vitamin B12
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What does a deficiency of intrinsic factor lead to?
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Pernicious Anemia
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What does gastrin do?
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Stimulates gastric juice secretion
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Gastrinoma is what?
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Excessive secretion of gastric juices that will cause refractory ulcer disease
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What does pepsin do?
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digests proteins by breaking them into smaller strings of aminos (peptides)
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What are the 3 parts of the small intestines?
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duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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What is the function of villi?
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to increase the surface area of the small intestines thus enabling digestion and absorption
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What are the 2 forms of mechanical digestion that takes place in the small intestines?
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segmentation and peristalsis
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What does amylase do?
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breaks down glycogen, starches and dextrins into sugars
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What do trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidase all have in common?
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enzymes that digest proteins
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What are the final products of protein digestion
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amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides
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Where does lipid digestion take place?
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small intestines by bile salts and lipase
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What are the 3 parts of the large intestine?
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cecum, colon, rectum
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What are the 4 parts of the colon?
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ascending, transverse, decending, and sigmoid
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What does the large intestine secrete?
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mucous
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What does the large intestine absorb?
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water, electrolytes, some vitamins
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where does the pancreas secrete its products?
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into the pancreatic duct into the common duct and finally into the duodenum
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Which pancreatic cells produce digestive enzymes?
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acini
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Pancreatic juice consists of...
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water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes
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Where is bile produced and what does it do?
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produced in the liver and aids in digestion of lipids
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What is the function of kupffer's cells?
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destroy worn out WBCs, RBCs, bacteria and other foreign matter
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What is the liver's role in carbohydrate metabolism?
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Converts glycogen into glucose when levels are low and the reverse process when levels are high
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What is the liver's role in protein metabolism?
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synthesizes most plasma proteins and converts ammonia into urea
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what is the liver's role in lipid metabolism?
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breaks down fatty acids to generate ATP, synthesizes choloesterol
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The liver uses bilirubin to make what? And where does it get it from?
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to make bile
bilirubin comes from destruction of old RBCs |
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A build-up of bilirubin inthe body is called what?
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jaundice
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T/F: the liver stores vitamins and minerals
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true
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What organ activates vitamin D?
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liver
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How do you distinguish a duodenal ulcer from a gastric ulcer?
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Duodenal -- pain on empty stomach better after eating
gastric -- pain 1-3 hours after meal |
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What are the typical symptoms of ulcer?
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epigastric pain, distention, belching, sour regurgitation, dyspepsia
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Increased colorectal cancer risk is associated with what?
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alcohol consumpton and diets high in animal fats and protein
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Decreased colorectal cancer risk is associated with what?
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high dietary fiber, calcium, and selenium
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Gallstones usually consist of what?
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calcium and cholesterol
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What are the symptoms of bile duct obstruction?
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colicky pain, chills, high fever, and jaundice
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How can we distinguish hepatic jaundice from obstructive jaundice?
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hepatic -- very dark stools and urine
obstructive -- stool becomes grey or whitish |
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Which forms of Hepatitis have vacine available?
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Hep A and Hep B
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Which hepatitis is transmitted via fecal-oral contact?
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Hep A
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If patient has antigen for Hep B does this mean the patient has Hepatitis B?
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No, presence of antigen must also present with high level of ALT (liv enzyme).
If ALT level normal, then only history of infection but no disease. |
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What % of Hep B infection result in chronic infection?
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5-10%
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What % of Hep C infection result in chronic infection?
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45%
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How is Hep B, C, & D spread?
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sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, IV needle sharing, mother to fetus
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Which vitamins are fat soluble?
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A, D, E, K
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Which vitamins are water soluble?
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B, C
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Which lipoproteins are beneficial in prevention of artheriosclerosis?
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HDL -- remove excess cholesterol from body to liver for elimination
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Which produces more calories, 1 g protein or 1 g fat?
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protein
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What is the primary cation found in intracellular fluid?
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potassium
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what is the primary cations found in extracellular fluid?
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sodium mostly and calcium
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In the US, the most common cause of chronic renal failure is?
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diabetes
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what is normal urine volume in 24 hours?
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1-2 liters
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Hyperventilation will cause acidosis or alkylosis?
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acidosis -- less CO2 is released from body causing H+ to increase in body
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what is normal blood pH?
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7.4
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Digestion of starch begins in the...
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mouth
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Which of the following is not produced in the stomach: HCL, AMylase, Gastrin, Pepsin
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Amylase
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Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions: spleen, liver, pancreas, gall bladder
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pancreas
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About 90% of all absorption takes place in...
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small intestine
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Which Hepatitis is infected through fecal-oral transmission?
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Hep A
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Where is salivary amylase produced?
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salivary glands
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Where is pepsin produced?
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stomach
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Where is trypsin produced?
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pancreas
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Where is bile produced?
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liver
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Where is insulin produced?
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pancreas
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Where is bile stored?
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gall bladder
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Which digestive organ does not have digestive function, but has absoptive function?
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large intestine
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Which vitamins are fat soluble?
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A, D, E, K
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Which vitamins are not fat soluble?
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B, C
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High serum level of which lipoprotein is benefit to prevent artheriosclerosis?
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High Density Lipoproteins HDL
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How many calories are produced by one gram of fat?
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9
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How many calories are produced by 1 gram of protein?
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4
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How many calories are produced by 1 gram or carbs?
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4
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What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?
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K+
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What is the normal pH of arterial blood?
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7.35-7.45
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Most human buffer systems consist of what?
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a weak acid and a weak base
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If a patient has dyspnea and decreased blood pH, usually this condition is...
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respiratory acidosis
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Under normal conditions, which substances can not be filtered by the renal glomeruli?
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red blood cells and large molecules
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Under normal conditions, what is the volume of urine in 24 hours?
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1-2 L
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What part of the kidneys have the function of filtration?
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renal glomeruli
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what part of the kidneys have the function of reabsorption?
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renal tubules
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What part of the kidneys have the function of H+ secretion?
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renal tubules
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What part of the kidneys have the function of urine concentration?
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renal tubules
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What part of the kidneys have the function of renin secretion?
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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Renin, EPO, and Calicitrol are produced where?
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kidneys
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What is a common symptom of UTI?
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cloudy urine
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T/F: The higher in creatinine clearance and the lower in serum creatinine, the worse in renal function.
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false
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In renal dysfunction, acid-base unbalance is caused by accumulation of waste products in the body, this is...
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metabolic acidosis
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In the US, what is the most common cause of renal failure?
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diabetes
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Patient presents with edema of eyelids, BP 146/96 , RBC 4.8 million/mm, urine proteinis 2.4g/24 hrs; there are some RBCs and RBC casts in the urine. What is the diagnosis?
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acute glomerulonephritis
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