Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Carbon is the "_____" of life.
|
Carbon is the "backbone" of life.
|
|
|
How do living things obtain carbon?
|
First of all, plants absorb CO2 molecules (which contain carbon), and then animals or humans ingest those plants or other animals with the carbon in them.
|
|
|
Organic compounds will always have what two elements?
|
Carbon and Hydrogen.
|
|
|
How many valence electrons does carbon have? How many vacant valance spots can it fill?
|
It has 4 valence electrons in the second shell, which means it has room for 4 more valence electrons.
|
|
|
Although atoms are connected in a molecule, they want to be (close / far) to/from each other as much as possible.
|
Although atoms are connected in a molecule, they want to be far from each other as much as possible.
|
|
|
How are double covalent bonds represented?
|
By using two lines.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon molecules only contain what two molecules? Give an example of a hydrocarbon.
|
Hydrogen and carbon. Petroleum is a good example of a hydrocarbon.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbons are ( not prevalent / prevalent ) in living organisms. There are regions on larger molecules that are composed of hydrocarbons. Ex: _______.
|
Hydrocarbons are not prevalent in living organisms. There are regions on larger molecules that are composed of hydrocarbons. Ex: fats: they store a lot of energy because of the hydrocarbon bonds.
|
|
|
Define "Isomers".
|
Molecules with the same number of atoms of the same element but in a different structure.
|
|
|
Name the three types of isomers.
|
Structural, geometric, and enantiomer.
|
|
|
What is a structural isomer?
|
Isomers that differ in covalent arrangement of their atoms, also can change location of a double bond.
|
|
|
What is a geometric isomer?
|
Same covalent partnership. DOUBLE BONDS prevent any rotation of the bonded carbons. Diagrams of this will show you the Cis and Trans forms of the molecule, which will show the arrangements rotated at the covalent bond.
|
|
|
What is an enantiomer?
|
Mirror images of each other. Can have drastic differences in biological effect.
|
|
|
In an organic line diagram, what elements are given, and what elements are implied?
|
The elements that are implied would be Carbon and Hydrogen. Any other element should be stated in the diagram. Carbons are found at the ends and at the vertices of each line.
|
|
|
What's the difference between Cis and Trans in a geometric isomer?
|
Cis - Attached atoms of the same type are on the same side.
Trans - Attached atoms of the same type are on the opposite side. |
|
|
Functional Groups are defined as what?
|
The parts of the molecule involved in chemical reactions. All the ones you learned (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphates) are hydrophilic, which means that they have a tendency to be dissolved in water.
|
|
|
What is a hydroxyl, and give an example.
|
An OH connected to a C chain. An example of alcohol would be ethanol.
|
|
|
Are hydroxyls polar?
|
They are polar, dissolved organic compounds.
|
|
|
What is a carbonyl, and state the two types of carbonyls.
|
C is connected to an O by a double covalent bond. ( C=O ) The two main types of carbonyls include Ketones and Aldehydes.
|
|
|
How can you tell 100% of the time between carbonyls that are ketones, and carbonyls that are aldehydes?
|
Aldehydes are ALWAYS at the ends of a C chain. Ketones are in between the aldehydes and are NEVER at the end of a C chain.
|
|
|
Do hydrogen atoms at the end of a carbon chain count as the ends?
|
No. The molecule it is attached to at the end of the chain is the REAL END to the C chain.
|
|
|
What is a carboxyl?
|
A carboxyl forms when O is double covalently bonded to C which is bonded to a hydroxyl group.
|
|
|
Can carboxyl groups lose or regain the H on the hydroxyl part?
|
Yes. Should an H atom be removed, the O it was attached to becomes a negative ion due to the loosing of a proton (from the hydrogen atom).
|
|
|
How are hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl related?
|
Carboxyl (O=C-O-H) is the product of hydroxyl (O-H) and carbonyl (O=C). A carboxyl is just a hydroxyl and a carbonyl bonded together by a single, shared C atom.
|
|
|
Define an amino.
|
NH2. Note the N atom, which is key to recognizing this group. Another thing to note, is that this group acts as a base.
|
|
|
Define sulfhydryl.
|
SH. Note the S atom, which is key to recognizing this group.
|
|
|
Define a phosphate group.
|
A phosphate atom connected to 4 O, one of the O is connected to a C chain, and two of the O carry a negative charge. Organic phosphate can carry energy between organic molecules.
|
|
|
How do we, human, obtain carbon (give a detailed explanation).
|
They are incorporated into organic molecules by plants, which take in carbon dioxide (CO2), and then are processed into sugars through photosynthesis. And it is from digesting plants, or things that have eaten those plants, that we, humans, obtain carbon.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbons aren't soluble in water. Why?
|
Because the majority of their bonds are non-polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
|
|
|
What type of isomer is defined as this: both molecules have variations in arrangement around a double bond.
|
Geometric isomers.
|
|
|
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Should it dissolve in water?
|
Yes, because all functional groups studied are hydrophilic, meaning they tend to dissolve in water.
|
|
|
Which two functional groups are ALWAYS found in animo acids?
- ketone and aldehyde - carbonyl and barboxyl - carboxyl and amino - phosphate and sulfhydryl - hydroxyl and aldehyde |
Carboxyl and amino.
|
|
|
Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?
- an alcohol such as ethanol - glucose, a monosaccharide - glycine, an amino acid - benzene, a hydrocarbon |
Glycine, an amino acid.
|
|
|
A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?
- amino - phosphate - hydroxyl - carboxyl - sulfhydryl |
Amino.
|
