A&p Of Speech And Hearing

Front 1

Types of cerebral connections

Back 1

Projection Fibers
Association Fibers
Commissure Fibers

Front 2

Projection Fibers

Back 2

connect one part of cortex with a distant location

Front 3

Association Fibers

Back 3

connect areas within a hemisphere

Front 4

Commissure Fibers

Back 4

connect one hemisphere with the other

Front 5

Occipital Lobe

Back 5

Vision, visual processing
Primary visual cortex

Front 6

Poriatal-occipital sulcus

Back 6

notch @ top of occiptal lobe

Front 7

Cakarine sulcus
(preoccipital notch)

Back 7

located at the bottom of the occipital lobe

Front 8

Temporal Lobe

Back 8

hearing and auditory comprehension
(superior, middle,inferior)

Front 9

Heschl's gyrus

Back 9

primary auditory cortex
(where 8th cranial nerve terminates)

Front 10

Auditory Association Area

Back 10

inturprets the meaning of the auditory signal; correlates sound with visual, smell, etc

Front 11

Wernicke's Area

Back 11

specialized auditory area; decodes speech
(Wernicke's Aphasia)

Front 12

Insula
(Isle of Reil)

Back 12

short gyri: phonological programing
limen
long gyrus

Front 13

angular gyrus

Back 13

reading and writing
(alexia, agraphia, anomia, dislexia, disgraphia, disnomia)

Front 14

Prefrontal area

Back 14

planning/organization, motivation, problem solving
(anterior of frontal lobe)

Front 15

Parietal Lobe

Back 15

Postcentral gyrus, supermarginal gyrus, wernickes area, angular gyrus

Front 16

Inferior frontal gyrus

Back 16

pars opercularis (broca's area)
pars triangularis
pars orbitalis

Front 17

Supplimentory Motor Area
(SMA)

Back 17

movements are brought together and coordinated

Front 18

Broca's Area

Back 18

Speech production, word finding
in the Inferior frontal gyrus, frontal operculum

Front 19

Broca's Aphasia

Back 19

not able to produce speech

word finding difficulties

Front 20

Broca's homologue

Back 20

mirror image of broca's area in the right hemisphere
maintianing rhythm of speech

Front 21

Frontal Lobe

Back 21

precentral gyrus, pyrimidal tracts, superior frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, orbital gyrus, supplimentory motor area, Broca's area, prefrontal area

Front 22

Foramen magnum

Back 22

opening at the base of the skull for the spinal cord

Front 23

precentral gyrus

Back 23

motor strip
primary motor cortex

Front 24

pyrimidal tracts

Back 24

fibers cross over in the medula from left hemisphere to right
originate in motor strip
(move the muscles)

Front 25

Central Nervous System

Back 25

brain and spinal cord

Front 26

Olfactory Bulb

Back 26

Smell and Taste
Temporal Lobe

Front 27

meningies

Back 27

layers of tissue covering brain (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)

Front 28

Acetylcholine

Back 28

neurotransmitter
muscle and brain

Front 29

Dopanine

Back 29

motor neuron in brain
(too little results in parkinson's)

Front 30

Epinephrine

Back 30

Adrenaline
excitatory
sympathetic nervous system

Front 31

Norepineephrine

Back 31

nerotransmitter
parasympathetic system

Front 32

Serotonine

Back 32

nerotransmitter
regulator

Front 33

Endorphine

Back 33

neurotransmitter
pain regulator

Front 34

steps of the
synaptic function

Back 34

1 synthesis 2 storage
3 released 4 receptor
5 inactivation 6 reuptake
7 degradation

Front 35

salatory conduction

Back 35

action potential is "passed" from node to node

Front 36

nodes of raniver

Back 36

space between myelin
where ions recharge

Front 37

neurons in the
Peripheral Nervous System are...

Back 37

nurons surrounded by schawnn cells (still have nodes of ranvier)

Front 38

Olgodendroglia

Back 38

cover axons in central nervous system (no nodes of ranvier needed)
Guillan-bare

Front 39

synapse

Back 39

junction at which electrochemical is transfered thru neurotransmitter

Front 40

graded potientals

Back 40

potiental for neuron to fire up or not to fire up
EPSP and IPSP

Front 41

excitatory post synaptic potiental
EPSP

Back 41

cause depolarization on the cell membrane
sodium-potassium needs to stop

Front 42

Sodium-potassium pump

Back 42

causes "potiental"

Front 43

Inhibitory post-synaptic potiential
IPSP

Back 43

causes a hyperpolarization
(away from zero toward -90mV)

Front 44

Action potiental

Back 44

neuronal pulse/what happens when the neruon is active
Strong EPSP needed - charge becomes positive

Front 45

electrochemical event

Back 45

chemicals (ions) flowing in and out (Sodium potasium pump is turned off; Na flows in) -70 to rise to -50 for action potiental to occur

Front 46

neural conduction

Back 46

how info is transmited down the neuron

Front 47

Resting potiental

Back 47

neuron at rest has an inherent charge
(difference in and out is -70millivolts)

Front 48

Resting potiental maintained

Back 48

maintained thru Sodium potassium pump -- exchanges itracellular sodium for extracellular potassium

Front 49

types of neurons

Back 49

motor neurons, sensory neurons, cortical neuron

Front 50

Motor neuron

Back 50

multiple dendrites, one long axon
efferent

Front 51

Sensory Neurons

Back 51

sensation/pain
receptors/temp receptor
Afferent

Front 52

Efferent

Afferent

Back 52

cause something (from brain)

to the brain

Front 53

Cortical Neuron

Back 53

Nerve cells that make up the cortex of the brain

always "fire" in one direction

Front 54

Presynaptic neuron

Postsynaptic neruon

Back 54

Sends

recieves

Front 55

synaptic cleft

Back 55

space filled with fluid

Front 56

synapses

Back 56

neurons communicating with eachother

Front 57

Neuron

Back 57

cell body, dendrite, axon (axon hillock), terminals collaterals, telodendria

Front 58

Central nervous system

Perepheral n.s.

Back 58

brain and spine

all not in skull (spinal nerves, cranial nerves)

Front 59

Autonomic N.S.

Back 59

invouluntary
galandular secretions, internal muscles, heart function, homostasis

Front 60

hypothalamus

Back 60

control center for autonomic N.S.

Front 61

Sypathetic N.S.

Back 61

internal adjustments to stress (fight or flight)

Front 62

parasympathetic

Back 62

The part of the autonomic nervous system originating in the brain stem and the lower part of the spinal cord that, in general, inhibits or opposes the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system, as in tending to stimulate digestive secretions, slow the heart, constrict the pupils, and dilate blood vessels.

Front 63

Somatic

Back 63

skelital, striated voluntary muscle

Front 64

Systems of speech

Back 64

Nervous system
respiration
phonatory
articulatory system

Front 65

muscular tissues

Back 65

striated, smooth, cardiac

Front 66

Striated muscle

Back 66

skeletal voluntary muscle
striped

Front 67

Smooth

Back 67

muscle internal organs, involuntary

Front 68

Cardiac

Back 68

combination of smooth and striated
involuntary
heart

Front 69

Neurons

Back 69

transfer information communicating tissue

Front 70

Glial Cells

Back 70

supportive tissue
nutrient transfer; blood-brain barrier
(mostly in the brain)

Front 71

Aggregates

Back 71

tissue with functional unity

Front 72

Fascia

Back 72

tissue
provide support to muscles

Front 73

ligaments

Back 73

tissue
connect bone, bind structure together

Front 74

tendons

Back 74

tissue
connect muscle to bones

Front 75

White Fibrous

Back 75

strong closely packed ligiments binding bones
periostium

Front 76

yellow elastic

Back 76

elastic in areas requiring recoil such as trachea cartilidge

Front 77

lymphoid

Back 77

lymohocytes make up lymphoyd tissue

Front 78

cartilidge

Back 78

firm and solid
hyaline
fibro-cartiladge
yellow cartiladge

Front 79

hyaline

Back 79

cartalidge
bluish-white, smooth

Front 80

fibro-cartalidge

Back 80

dense-white flexible fibers; intervertebral disks

Front 81

blood

Back 81

corpuscles (cells, red, white) plaelets blood plasma

Front 82

bone

Back 82

hardest connective tissue

Front 83

compact bone

Back 83

naversiancanals
lamellar structure

Front 84

cancellous

Back 84

spongy bone; spongy apperance

Front 85

areolar

Back 85

elastic supports organs between muscles

Front 86

adipose

Back 86

cells with fat globules between muscles and organs

Front 87

simple epithelium

squamos epithelium

Back 87

single layer of cells

single layer of flat cells (lining of blood vessels, heart alveoli, lymph vessels)

Front 88

cuboidal (cubical

Back 88

cube shaped; secretory function in some glands such as thyroid

Front 89

columnar epithelium

Back 89

single layer, cylindrical cells, inner lining of stomach

Front 90

ciliated

Back 90

cylindrical cells with cilia, nasal caviy, larynx trachea bronchi

Front 91

compound epithelium

Back 91

different layers

Front 92

stratified epithelium

Back 92

flattened cells on bed of columnar ccells, epidermis

Front 93

epithelial

Back 93

skin, protective lining for organs

Front 94

nervious tissue

Back 94

brain, spinal cord

Front 95

tissues

Back 95

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervious

Front 96

abduction

Back 96

bring something away from midline

Front 97

adduction

Back 97

putting something toward midline

Front 98

depressor

Back 98

movement down

Front 99

levator

Back 99

movement upward

Front 100

flexion

Back 100

decrease in angle between two bones

Front 101

extension

Back 101

increasing the angle between two bones

Front 102

anterior

Back 102

ventral
toward the front

Front 103

posterior

Back 103

dorsal
toward the base

Front 104

superior

Back 104

ostral cranial
toward the head

Front 105

inferior

Back 105

caudal
toward the bottom (feet)

Front 106

insilateral

Back 106

same side of the body

Front 107

contralateral

Back 107

opposite side of the body

Front 108

proximal

Back 108

toward the axis/body or root of free extremity

Front 109

distal

Back 109

away from the axis or root of extremity

Front 110

prone

Back 110

on the belly

Front 111

supine

Back 111

on the back

Front 112

cytology

Back 112

study of cells

Front 113

histology

Back 113

microscopic study of cells and tissue

Front 114

osteology

Back 114

study of structure and function of bone

Front 115

myology

Back 115

structure and function of muscle

Front 116

arthrology

Back 116

joints

Front 117

angiology

Back 117

blood vessels and heart

Front 118

neurology

Back 118

study of nervous system

Front 119

Anatomy

Back 119

study of the structure of an organism and its parts

Front 120

Physiology

Back 120

study of function of the living organism and its parts as well as the chemical processes

Front 121

physiology

Back 121

study of the function of living organism and its parts as well as the chemical processes involved

Front 122

applied anatomy

Back 122

study of anatomy for diagnosis and treatment of disease

Front 123

descriptive anatomy

Back 123

study of individual parts of the body
views the body of as a system

Front 124

Gross anatomy

Back 124

study of structures visible without the aid of microscope

Front 125

surface anatomy

Back 125

form and structure of anatomy
artist

Front 126

developmental anatomy

Back 126

deals with development of organism from conception to adulthood

Front 127

Pathalogical anatomy

Back 127

pathalogical state in prganism (cancer, how cancer grows, etc.)

Front 128

comparititve anatomy

Back 128

similarities and differences between different species

Front 129

Basil Ganglia
functions

Back 129

motor functioning, helps sequence movements(smoothly exicuting), support stimulus/response habit learning

Front 130

Basil Ganglia
made up of

Back 130

collection of nuclei
putamen, globos pallidus, Caudate nucleus, amygdala, (substantia nigra)

Front 131

Putamen

Back 131

(shell) connected to caudate nucleus

Front 132

Globos pallidus

Back 132

(pale globe) combo of grey and white matter
behind putamen

Front 133

Caudate nucleus

Amydala

Back 133

tailed nucleus

almond

Front 134

Substania nigra

Back 134

(black substance)
a small area of the brain containing a cluster of black-pigmented nerve cells that produce dopamine, which is then transmitted to the striatum.

Front 135

limbic system
function

Back 135

referred to as the reptilian brain, memory, emotions

Front 136

Limbic system
made up of

Back 136

hippocampus, fornex, septum, mamillary bodies, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, olfactory bulb

Front 137

hippocampus

Back 137

conductor of memory - brings smells, visual, auditory memories together

Front 138

fornex

Back 138

important in sexual drive

Front 139

amygdala

Back 139

memory and emotional reactions

Front 140

olfactory bulb

Back 140

area of brain that interprets the info from the nose “smell brain”
smell is the only sensation that does not run thru the thalamus

Front 141

Thalamus

Back 141

grey matter
All sensory nerves thru here

Front 142

Parts of thalamus

Back 142

lateral genuculate body
medial geniculate body

Front 143

area around the thalamus

Back 143

epithalamus
hypothalamus

Front 144

lateral geniculate body

Back 144

receives input from the eye visual
Synapse in outside portion before going to occipital cortex

Front 145

medial geniculate body

Back 145

receives input from the ear auditory
Nerves synapse in thalamus before going to hechel’s

Front 146

epithalamus

Back 146

Contains the pineal body- body rhythm regulation (sleep and wake cycles)

Front 147

hypothalamus

Back 147

cluster of nuclei (22 nuclei)
Pituitary gland hormonal regulation
Hypothalamus is important for all areas of human behavior

Front 148

Diencephalon

Back 148

inbetween brain
includes thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, third ventricle

Front 149

midbrain

Back 149

mesencephalon
tectum
tegmentum
cerebral aqueduct

Front 150

tectum

Back 150

(roof)
superior coliculi
inferior coliculi

Front 151

superior coliculi

Back 151

left and right cliculus
(upper hills)
Receives projections form the eye
come here before thalamus

Front 152

Inferior Coliculi

Back 152

(lower hills)
Receive projection from auditory nerve
Also one left and one right come in here before thalamus

Front 153

tegmentum

Back 153

(floor)
cerebellar connections

Front 154

Cerebellum

Back 154

(little brain)
input from inner ear, unconcious level, posture and equilibrium, muscle tone
skilled movements/sports

Front 155

Pons

Back 155

(bridge)
relays sensory information between the cerebellum and cerebrum.
Bridges left and right cerebular lobe
contains cranial nuclei(enter brain)

Front 156

Medulla Oblongata

Back 156

base of the base of the brain, fibers run continuously with the spinal cord
once spinal cord inters the brain thru foramen magnum(opening to the brain) it is the medulla oblongata

Front 157

Medulla Oblongata
(Parts of)

Back 157

Pyramidal Decussation
Reticular Activating System R.A.S.

Front 158

Ventricles

Back 158

cavities within the central nervous system filled with cerebral spinal fluid (c.f.s.)

Front 159

Pyramidal Decussation

Back 159

where the majority of the fibers cross over from left hemisphere to right side of body

Front 160

Reticular Activating System
R.A.S.

Back 160

gate keeper for sematosenssory info coming into the body, can amplify info or decrease it
(decreases old/unimportant info, amplifies new info)
sitting of a chair...we dont care

Front 161

Choroid Plexus

Back 161

areas scattered around that produce cerebral spinal fluid
Glial Cells

Front 162

Glial Cells

Back 162

all of the supporting cells within the brain
(anything that is not a neuron)

Front 163

Ventricles

Back 163

I (left) II(right)lateral
Third ventricle(dinecephalon)
Fourth ventricle(near brainstem mylencephalon)

Front 164

Cerebral Aqueduct

Back 164

connects the third and fourth ventricle

Front 165

Circle of Willis

Back 165

insures consistant blood supply to the brain
Anterior cerbral artery, middle cerbral artery andposterior cerebral artery

Front 166

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery

Back 166

goes to anterior of brain
goes to middle of brain
goes to posterior of brain

Front 167

Spinal cord

Back 167

comprised of tracts which are pathways of axons
(housed within the spine)

Front 168

Dermatone

Back 168

section of body where spinal nerves connect to (control)

Front 169

Corticospinal tract

Back 169

axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.
only motot axons

efferent

Front 170

Spinothalamic

Back 170

afferent nerves run up to the brain (thalamus)

Front 171

upper motor neurons

Back 171

run from brain to nerves in spine

Front 172

lower motor neurons

Back 172

run form spinal cord to muscle

Front 173

Cranial Nerves

Back 173

nerves that arise from the brain (do not run thru the spine)

Front 174

Cranial Nerve I.
Olfactory

Back 174

Sensory

Smell

Front 175

II.
Optic

Back 175

Sensory

Vision

Front 176

III.
Oculomotor

Back 176

Motor

Visual convergence and accomodation

Front 177

IV.
Trochlear

Back 177

Motor

Rotates eye down and outward

Front 178

V.
Trigeminal

Back 178

Both

Sensation from eye/nose/face
Muscles of mastication and tongue

Front 179

VI.
Abducent

Back 179

Motor

supplies lateral eye muscles

Front 180

VIII.
Acoustic

Back 180

Sensory

hearing and balance

Front 181

IX.
Glossopharyngeal

Back 181

Both
Speech

Muscles of pharynx and stylopharyngeus

Front 182

X.
Vagus

Back 182

Both

Sensation from ear pharnx, larynx, viscera

Front 183

XI.
Accessory (spinal)

Back 183

Motor
speech
Muscles of pharynx, larynx, soft palate and neck

Front 184

XII.
Hypoglossal

Back 184

Motor
speech

muscles of neck, extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue