Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
gravida
|
a women who is pregnant
|
|
|
gravidity
|
pregnancy
|
|
|
multigravida
|
a women who has had two or more pregnancies
|
|
|
multipara
|
a women who has completed two or more pregnancies to 20 or more weeks of gestation
|
|
|
nulligravida
|
a women who has never been pregnant
|
|
|
nullipara
|
a women who has not completed a pregnancy with a fetus or fetuses who have reached 20 weeks of gestation
|
|
|
parity
|
the number of pregnancies in which the fetus or fetuses have reached 20 weeks of gestation when they are born, not the number of fetuses (e.g., twins) born. Whether the fetus is born alive or is stillborn (fetus who shows no sign of life at birth) does not affect the numeric designation.
|
|
|
postdate or postterm
|
a pregnancy that goes beyond 42 weeks of gestation
|
|
|
preterm
|
a pregnancy that has reached 20 weeks of gestation but ends before completion of 37 weeks of gestation
|
|
|
primigravida
|
a women who is pregnant for the first time
|
|
|
primipara
|
a women who has completed one pregnancy with a fetus or fetuses who have reached 20 weeks of gestation
|
|
|
term
|
a pregnancy from the beginning of week 38 of gestation to the end of week 42 of gestation
|
|
|
viability
|
capacity to live outside the uterus; about 22 to 25 weeks of gestation
|
|
|
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
|
Presence of this biochemical marker in maternal urine or serum results in a positive pregnancy test result; the earliest biochemical marker for pregnancy
|
|
|
Amenorrhea
|
Menstrual bleeding no longer occurs
|
|
|
Lightening
|
Fundal height decreased, fetal head in pelvic inlet
|
|
|
Chadwick sign
|
Cervical and vaginal mucosa violet-bluish in color
|
|
|
Physiologic edema
|
swelling of ankles and feet at the end of the day
|
|
|
Goodell sign
|
Cervical tip softened
|
|
|
Hegar sign
|
Lower uterine segment soft and compressible with palpation
|
|
|
Ballottement
|
Fetal head rebounds with gentle, upward tapping through the vagina
|
|
|
Leukorrhea
|
White to light grey mucoid vaginal discharge with a faint musty odor
|
|
|
Montgomery tubercules
|
Enlarged sebaceous glands in areola on both breats
|
|
|
Operculum
|
Plug of mucus fills endocervical canal
|
|
|
Striae gravidarum
|
Stretch marks on breasts and abdomen
|
|
|
Colostrum
|
Creamy, white to yellowish premilk fluid expressed from the nipples
|
|
|
Chloasma (mask of pregnancy)
|
Cheeks, nose, and forehead blotchy, brownish from hyperpigmentation
|
|
|
Linea nigra
|
Pigmented line extending up abdominal midline from symphisis pubis to top of fundus
|
|
|
Epulis
|
Red raised nodule on gums
|
|
|
Pyrosis
|
Heartburn experienced after meals
|
|
|
Lordosis
|
Lumbosacral curve increased
|
|
|
Carpal tunnel syndrome
|
Paresthesia and pain in right hand radiating to elbow
|
|
|
Friability
|
Spotting following cervical palpation or intercourse
|
|
|
Physiologic anemia
|
Hematocrit decreased from 40% to 36%
|
|
|
Angiomas
|
Vascular spiders on neck, thorax, and face
|
|
|
palmar erythema
|
palms pinkish red, mottled
|
|
|
Diastasis recti abdominis
|
Abdominal wall muscles separated
|
|
|
GTPAL
|
Acronym used to describe the obstetric hx for women
|
|
|
Presumptive
|
indicators of pregnancy that can be caused by conditions other than gestation and are not reliable for diagnosis
|
|
|
Probable
|
Indicators of pregnancy that are detected by an examiner and are mainly related to changes in the uterus
|
|
|
Positive
|
Indicators of pregnancy that are directly attributed to the fetus
|
|
|
Nagele's, 3 months, 7 days, 1 year
|
Method used to determine the expected date of birth by subtracting _______ from and adding _______ and _______ (if appropriate) to the first day of the last menstrual period
|
|
|
Trimester
|
One of three periods of pregnancy, each of which is approximately 3 months in length
|
|
|
Supine hypotension, vena cava, aorta
|
Change in blood pressure that can occur when a pregnant woman lies on her back and the ________ and ________ are compressed by abdominal contents, including the uterus
|
|
|
Fundal Height
|
Uterine measurement that is performed beginning in the second trimester as one indicator of the progress of fetal growth
|
|
|
Pinch
|
Test used to determine whether the nipple is everted or inverted, achieved by placing thumb and forefinger on the areola and gently pressing inward
|
|
|
accepting pregnancy, identifying the role of parent, reordering personal relationships, establishing relationship with the fetus, and preparing for childbirth
|
Developmental tasks that are accomplished by parents as they adapt to pregnancy and impending parenthood
|
|
|
Emotional liability (mood swings)
|
Rapid unpredictable changes in mood related to profound hormonal changes and concerns about finances and changed lifestyle
|
|
|
Ambivalence
|
Emotional state of having conflicting feelings about pregnancy
|
|
|
Biological fact of pregnancy, "I am pregnant", growing fetus as distinct from herself, "I am going to have a baby", birth, parenting, "I am going to be a mother"
|
As a pregnant woman established a relationship with her fetus and emotional attachment begins, she progresses through three phases. In phase one, she accepts the _____ and needs to be able to state _____. In phase two, the woman accepts the ______. She can now say _____. Finally, in phase three, the woman prepares realistically for the _____ and _____. She expresses the thought _____.
|
|
|
Couvade syndrome
|
Phenomenon of an expectant father's experience pregnancy-like symptoms such as nausea, weight gain, and other physical symptoms
|
|
|
Annoucement phase, biological fact of pregnancy, moratorium, accept the pregnancy, focusing, negotiate, labor, parenthood
|
The ____ is the first period of paternal adaptation, during which the father accepts the ____. During the second or ____ phase, the father adjusts to the reality of the pregnancy. The developmental task is to ____. The father becomes actively involved in the pregnancy and the relationship with his child during the third or ____ phase. The developmental task is to ____ with his partner the role he is to play in ____ and to prepare for ____.
|
|
|
Prescriptions
|
Cultural practices that tell a woman what to do during pregnancy
|
|
|
Proscriptions, taboos
|
Cultural practices that tell a woman what not to do during pregnancy; they establish _____.
|
|
|
Triple screen (multiple marker), alphafetoprotein, human chronionic gonadotropin, nonconjugated estriol
|
Blood test performed at 16 to 18 gestation to screen for Down Syndrome by measuring maternal serum levels of _____, _____, and _____.
|
|
|
passenger, passageway, powers, position of mother, psychologic response
|
The five factors (Ps) affecting the process of labor and birth
|
|
|
fontanels
|
membranous-filled spaces that are located where the sutures in the fetal/neonatal skull intersect
|
|
|
Molding
|
Process whereby the bones of the fetal skill slightly overlap during childbirth
|
|
|
Presentation, Occiput, chin (mentum), sacrum, scapula
|
Term used to refer to the part of the fetal body that is first felt by the examining finger during a vaginal examination. The four types are ____, ____, ____, and _____.
|
|
|
Vertex presentation
|
Term used to refer to the presentation that occurs when the fetal head is fully flexed, making the fetal occiput the part first felt by the examining finger.
|
|
|
Fetal lie, longitudinal lie, transverse lie
|
Term used to refer to the relationship of the fetal spine (long axis) to the maternal spine (long axis). _____ Term used when spines are parallel. ____ Term used when the spines are perpendicular.
|
|
|
Attitude, general flexion
|
Term used to refer to the relationship of the fetal parts to one another. _____Term used for the most common type of relationship.
|
|
|
Biparietal diameter
|
Largest transverse diameter of the fetal skull.
|
|
|
Suboccioitobregmantic diameter
|
Smallest anterioposterior diameter of the fetal skull to enter the maternal pelvis when the fetal head is in complete flexion.
|
|
|
Fetal position
|
Term used to refer to the relationship of the fetal presenting part to the four quadrants of the maternal pelvis.
|
|
|
Engagement
|
This is said to have occurred when the largest transverse diameter of the presenting part has passed through the pelvic inlet and into the true pelvis, reaching the level of the ischial spines.
|
|
|
Station, centimeters, descent
|
Term used to refer to the relationship of the fetal presenting part to an imaginary line drawn between the ischial spines. It is measures in _____ above or below the ischial spines, thereby serving as a method of determining the progress of fetal _____.
|
|
|
Effacement
|
Process of shortening and thinning of the cervix during the first stage of labor. Progress is expressed in percentages from 0% to 100%.
|
|
|
Dilation
|
Enlargement and widening of the cervical opening (os) and the cervical canal that occurs during labor. Progress is expressed in centimeters from less than 1 cm to 10 cm when complete.
|
|
|
Lightening "dropping"
|
Descent of the fetal presenting part into the true pelvis approximately 2 weeks before term in the primigravida and at the onset of labor in the multiparous woman
|
|
|
Uterine contractions, effacement, dilation
|
Primary powers of labor. They are responsible for _____ and ______.
|
|
|
Abdominal muscle contraction
|
Secondary powers of labor accomplished when the woman bears down or pushes.
|
|
|
Operculum
|
Brownish or blood-tinged cervical mucoid discharge representing the passage of the mucous plug as the cervix ripens in preparation for labor.
|
|
|
Cardinal movements of labor (mechanism of labor), engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation (restitution), expulsion
|
Term used to refer to the movements of the fetus in a vertex presentation as it turns and adjusts its head to facilitate passage through the maternal birth canal. These seven movements are ____, _____, ____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
|
|
|
Ferguson reflex
|
Term used to refer to the maternal urge to bear down, which occurs when the fetal presenting part reaches the perineal floor stimulating stretch receptors and causing release of oxytocin.
|
|
|
regular uterine contractions, dilation of cervix, latent, active, transition
|
The first stage of labor begins with the onset of _____ and ends with full ____. It is divided into three phases, namely, ____, _____, and _____.
|
|
|
cervix is fully dilated, birth of the fetus
|
The second stage of labor lasts from the time the _____ to the ______.
|
|
|
birth of the fetus, placenta is delivered
|
The third stage of labor lasts from the ______ until the ______.
|
|
|
Recovery following birth
|
The fourth stage of labor is the period of ______ when homeostasis is reestablished.
|
|
|
Position, BP, uterine contractions, umbilical cord blood flow
|
Four factors that affect fetal circulation during labor.
|
|
|
Baseline FHR
|
Average FHR range of 110 to 160 beats per minute at term as assessed during a 10-minute segment.
|
|
|
Undetected variability
|
Absence of the expected irregular fluctuations in the baseline FHR.
|
|
|
Bradycardia
|
Persistent (10 minutes or longer) baseline FHR below 110 beats per minute.
|
|
|
Prolonged deceleration
|
Visually apparent decrease in the FHR of 15 beats per minute or more below the baseline that lasts more than 2 minutes but less than 10 minutes
|
|
|
periodic changes
|
Changes in FHR from the baseline that occur with uterine contractions.
|
|
|
Tachycardia
|
Persistent (10 minutes or longer) baseline FHR greater than 160 beats per minute.
|
|
|
Variability
|
Expected irregular fluctuations of the baseline FHR of 2 cycles per minute or greater as a result of the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
Early deceleration
|
FHR decrease starting before the peak of a contraction in response to fetal head compression
|
|
|
Late deceleration
|
FHR decrease after the start of the contraction in response to uteroplacental insufficiency; the lowest rate occurs after the peak
|
|
|
Variable deceleration
|
FHR decrease after the start of the contraction in response to fetal head compression
|
|
|
Acceleration
|
Visually apparent abrupt increase in the FHR of 15 beats per minute or greater above the baseline rate that lasts 15 seconds or more with return to baseline less than 2 minutes from the beginning of the increase.
|
|
|
Episodic (nonperiodic) changes
|
Changes in FHR from the baseline that are not associated with uterine contractions
|
|
|
hypoxemia
|
Deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood
|
|
|
hypoxia
|
inadequate supply of oxygen at the cellular level
|
|
|
intermittent auscultation
|
method of listening to fetal heart sounds at periodic intervals to assess the FHR using a Leff scope, DeLee-Hillis fetoscope, or an ultrasound device.
|
|
|
Ultrasound transducer, maximum intensity of FHR
|
External monitoring instrument that works by reflecting high-frequency sound waves off the fetal heart and valves to assess and record the FHR pattern. It is placed over the area of _____ after conductive gel is applied to its surface
|
|
|
Tocotransducer (tocodynamometer), fundus
|
External monitoring instrument that measures uterine activity (e.g., frequency, regularity, and approximate duration of uterine contractions) transabdominally. Is is placed over the ______.
|
|
|
Spiral electrode
|
Internal monitoring instrument that is attached to the fetal presenting part to assess FHR pattern.
|
|
|
Intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC)
|
Internal monitoring instrument that is solid or fluid filled; it is inserted into the intrauterine cavity to measure uterine activity (e.g., frequency, duration, and intensity of uterine contractions)
|
|
|
Fetal pulse oximetry (FPO)
|
Method of fetal assessment that monitors oxygen saturation of arterial blood.
|
|
|
Fetal scalp blood sampling
|
Method used to obtain fetal blood in order to assess the fetal pH, Po2, and Pco2.
|
|
|
Amnioinfusion
|
Method used during labor either to supplement the amount of amniotic fluid to reduce the severity of variable decelerations caused by cord compression or to dilute meconiumstained amniotic fluid with normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution.
|
|
|
Oligohydramnios
|
An abnormally small amount of amniotic fluid or the absence of amniotic fluid
|
|
|
Tocolysis
|
Relaxation of the uterus that can be achieved through the administration of drugs that inhibit uterine contractions
|
|
|
Umbilical cord Acid-Base Determination
|
Assessment method used immediately after birth as an adjunct to the Apgar score; it measures pH, Po2, and Pco2 of the newborn's blood and reflects the acid-base status of the newborn at birth
|
|
|
Valsalva maeuver, heart rate, BP, uteroplacental blood blow, hypoxemia
|
Process of making forceful bearing-down attempt while holding one's breath with a closed glottis and tightening the abdominal muscles; it produces a vagal response that results in a decrease in the maternal ______ and ______; prolonged pushing in this manner can eventually decrease _____ and increase the likelihood of fetal _____.
|
|
|
Intrauterine resuscitation
|
Group of interventions initiated when a nonreassuring FHR pattern is noted to improve uteroplacental perfusion and increase maternal oxygenation and cardiac output
|
|
|
twenty
|
Obtain a ______ minute strip by electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) on all women admitted to the labor unit
|
|
|
30 minute, 15 minute
|
Low risk client (risk factors are absent during labor): Auscultate FHR or assess tracing every ______ in the active phase of the first stage of labor and every _____ in the second stage of labor
|
|
|
15 minute, 5 minute
|
High risk client (risk factors are present during labor): Auscultate FHR or assess tracing every _____ in the active phase of the first stage of labor and every ______ in the second stage of labor.
|
|
|
Valsalva maneuver
|
prolonged breath holding while bearing down (closed glottis pushing)
|
|
|
Ring of Fire
|
Burning sensation of acute pain as vagina stretches and crowning occurs
|
|
|
Amniotomy
|
Artificial rupture of membranes (AROM, ARM)
|
|
|
Crowning
|
Occurs when widest part of the head (biparietal diameter) distends the vulva prior to birth
|
|
|
episiotomy
|
incision into perineum to enlarge the vaginal outlet
|
|
|
Nitrazine Test
|
Test to determine if membranes have ruptured by assessing pH of the fluid
|
|
|
Ritgen maneuver
|
Technique used to control birth of fetal head and protect perineal musculature
|
|
|
Schultze mechanism
|
Expulsion of placenta with fetal side emerging first
|
|
|
Nuchal cord
|
cord encircles the fetal neck
|
|
|
Leopold maneuvers
|
Method used to palpate fetus through abdomen
|
|
|
Ferguson reflex
|
Occurs when pressure of presenting part against pelvic floor stretch receptors results in a woman's perception of an urge to bear down
|
|
|
oxytocin
|
uterotonic drug that stimulates the uterus to contract thereby reducing blood loss
|
|
|
Duncan mechanism
|
Expulsion of placenta with maternal surface emerging first
|
|
|
Prolapse of umbilical cord
|
Protrusion of umbilical cord in advance of the presenting part
|
|
|
TL
|
TL or FL?
Contractions regular and progressive |
|
|
FL
|
TL or FL?
Cervix soft and posterior |
|
|
FL
|
TL or FL?
Contractions cease with ambulation |
|
|
TL
|
TL or FL?
Cervix is soft, 25%, 2 cm, mid-position |
|
|
TL
|
TL or FL?
Lightening occurs in multiparous women |
|
|
FL
|
TL or FL?
Discomfort present in abdomen above umbilicus |
|
|
TL
|
TL or FL?
Contraction intensity increases with activity and ambulation |
|
|
FL
|
TL or FL?
Presenting part is above ischial spines |
|
|
TL
|
TL or FL?
Bloody show |
|
|
TL
|
TL or FL?
Discomfort radiates from lower back to lower abdomen |
|
|
TL
|
TL or FL?
Contractions continue even after a shower or back rub |
|
|
regular uterine contractions, cervical effacement, mucous plug
|
The first stage of labor begins with the onset of _____ and ends with full _____ and _____ of the cervix. A blood-tinged mucous discharge (blood show) usually indicates the passage of the _____.
|
|
|
During the latent phase of the first stage of labor, the cervix dilates from 0 to 3 cm in approximately 6 to 8 hours.
|
During the latent phase of the first stage of labor, the cervix dilates from ____ to ____ cm in approximately ____ to ____ hours.
|
|
|
Cervical dilation progresses from 4 to 7 cm in about 3 to 6 hours during the active phase of the first stage of labor.
|
Cervical dilation progresses from ____ to ____ cm in about ____ to ____ hours during the active phase of the first stage of labor.
|
|
|
The duration of the transition phase is approximately 20 to 40 minutes, and the cervix dilates from 8 to 10 cm
|
The duration of the transition phase is approximately ____ to ____ minutes, and the cervix dilates from ____ to ____ cm
|
|
|
cervical dilation (10 cm), effacement (100%), birth of the baby
|
The second stage of labor begins with full _____ and complete _____ of the cervix and ends with the _____.
|
|
|
sweat on upper lip, vomiting, bloody show, extremities, restlessness, bearing down efforts
|
Additional signs that the second stage of labor is beginning include sudden appearance of _____, and episode of _____, increased _____, shaking of _____, increased _____, and involuntary _____.
|
|
|
birth of the baby, placenta is expelled
|
The third stage of labor lasts from the time the _____ until the _____.
|
|
|
Separation, firmly contracted fundus, discoid, globular, gush of dark blood, lengthening of the umbilical cord, vaginal fullness
|
Detachment of the placenta from the wall of the uterus or ______ is indicated by a _______, change from a _____ shape to a ______ shape, a sudden _____ from the introitus, apparent ______, and the finding of ______.
|
|
|
EMTALA
|
Federal regulation enacted to ensure that pregnant women obtain the care they require during emergencies and when in labor
|
|
|
Partogram
|
Graphic chart on which cervical dilation and station are plotted to assist in early indentification of deviations from expected labor patterns
|
|
|
Doula
|
Trained, experienced female labor attendant who provides a continuous, one-on-one caring presence throughout the labor and birth of the woman she is attending
|
|
|
Lithotomy
|
Traditional labor position in which the woman lies on her back with her legs in stirrups
|
|
|
Uterine contractions
|
the primary powers of labor that act involuntarily to expel the fetus and the placenta from the uterus
|
|
|
increment
|
"building up" of a contraction
|
|
|
Acme
|
The peak of a contraction
|
|
|
Decrement
|
"Letting down" of a contraction
|
|
|
Frequency
|
How often the contractions occur; the period of time from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next or from the peak of one contraction to the peak of the next (if using an electronic monitor)
|
|
|
Intensity
|
The strength of the contraction at its peak
|
|
|
Duration
|
The period of time that elapses between the onset and end of a contraction
|
|
|
Resting tone
|
The tension in the uterine muscle between contractions
|
|
|
Interval
|
Period of rest between contractions
|
|
|
Bearing down effort
|
An involuntary urge to push in response to the Ferguson reflex
|
|
|
Amenorrhea
Nausea/Vomitting Quickening |
Presumptive (subjective) signs of pregnancy
|
|
|
Goodells, chadwicks, hegars sign
Serum/uring hCG |
Probable (Objective) signs of pregnancy
|
|
|
ultra sound
fetal heart rate fetal movement palpated by provider |
Positive (confirmatory) signs of pregnancy
|
|
|
every 4 weeks
|
schedule of pre-natal visits in an uncomplicated pregnancy:
Onset of care to 28 weeks gestation |
|
|
every 2 weeks
|
schedule of pre-natal visits in an uncomplicated pregnancy:
28 to 36 weeks |
|
|
weekly
|
schedule of pre-natal visits in an uncomplicated pregnancy:
36 weeks and beyond |
|
|
-prenatal panel - blood type & Rh, CBC, serology, Rubella titer, Hepatitis B screen, HIV, antibody screen
-sickle cell screen for clients of African descent -Genetic screening -PPD -Urinalysis -Pelvic cultures - GC/Chlamydia, pap smear |
Initial laboratory tests
|
|
|
-gestational age
-BP -weight -fundal height -FHR -Labs and diagnostic tests -urine -edema -Sharing questions and concerns |
subsequent pre-natal visits
|
|
|
-severe vomiting
-chills, fever -burning on urination -diarrhea -abdominal cramping; vaginal bleeding |
signs of potential complications:
1st trimester |
|
|
-persistent, severe vomiting
-sudden discharge of fluid from vagina before 37 weeks -vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain -change in fetal movement -S/S PTL, UTI, flank pain -swelling, headaches, visual changes, abdominal pain, seizure |
signs of potential complications:
2nd and 3rd trimester |
