A&p New Material For Final

Front 1

What are the functions of the Nervous System?

Back 1

-transmits sensory information to the body (rec'vd by receptors, propagate APs TO the CNS)
-integrates info into body (interpretation of info by CNS)
-creates motor response of the body (propagates APs FROM the CNS to effectos of body)

Front 2

What are the 2 principal cell types of the Nervous system?

Back 2

Neurons and Neuroglia

-neurons are excitable, synapses all over the body, communicate through APs, short response time to changes in homeostasis

-neuroglia are not excitable, supporting cells, provide "scaffolding" for developed neurons

Front 3

What makes up the Central Nervous System?

Back 3

Brain
Spinal Cord

-covered by meninges
-surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid

Front 4

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?

Back 4

Nerves
Ganglia

-neurons of nerves bridge gap between CNS and body
-bring APs to and away from CNS

Front 5

What are Ganglia?

Back 5

part of the PNS
-swelling of nerves grouped together

Front 6

What is a Nerve?

Back 6

part of the PNS
-bundles of neurons (axons enclosed in connective tissue)

Front 7

What are the 3 connective tissue coverings of nerves?

Back 7

Endoneurium

Perineurium

Epineurium

Front 8

What is the Endoneurium?

Back 8

connective tissue covering of nerves
-loose c.t
-surrounds each individual axon

Front 9

What is the Perineurium?

Back 9

connective tissue covering of nerves
-coarse c.t
-bundles axons into fascicles

Front 10

What is the Epineurium?

Back 10

connective tissue covering of nerves
-tough fibrous c.t.
-surrounds entire nerve

Front 11

What are the 3 neuron types of the Nervous System?

Back 11

Sensory (afferent)- APs via PNS to CNS

Interneurons- intrgrate info within CNS, recieve APs from sensory neurons, initiate APs to motor neurons

Motor (efferent)- propagate APs via PNS away from CNS

Front 12

What are the diff types of sensory receptors?

Back 12

-Mechanoreceptors (touch, pressure, etc)
-Thermoreceptors (respond to changes in temp)
-Photoreceptors (respond to light)
-Chemoreceptors (respond to chemicals)
-Nociceptors (respond to pain)

Front 13

Qualitative Info

Back 13

neural integration of the CNS
-what type of stimulus

Front 14

Quantitative Info

Back 14

neural integration of the CNS
-how much of a stimulus
-how many neurons are fired

Front 15

Are neurons of the nervous system myelinated?

Back 15

-ALL neurons of PNS are myelinated
-some neurons of CNS are but most are NOT

Front 16

What is gray matter?

Back 16

areas of the CNS that are made of unmyelinated neurons
-rep locations of short interneurons

Front 17

What is white matter?

Back 17

areas of the CNS that are made of myelinated neurons
-rep. locations of long sensory and motor neurons

Front 18

What is a reflex?

Back 18

a rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus (brain is left out)

Front 19

What are the types are reflexes?

Back 19

simple- involve peripheral nerves & spinal cord, spinal reflexes (inborn reflexes)

learned- involve peripheral nerves & BRAIN

Front 20

What are the 5 components of a relex arc?

Back 20

-Receptor (respond to stimulus)
-Sensory neuron (transmits afferent impulse to CNS)
-Integration center (within CNS, processing of info)
-Motor neuron (sends efferent info to an effector)
-Effector (muscle fiber or gland that responds to efferent impulse)

Front 21

What are the Meninges?

Back 21

3 connective tissue membrane that lie external to the brain and spinal cord
-dura mater - superficial
-arachnoid mater - middle
-pia mater - deep

Front 22

What are the functions of the meninges?

Back 22

-cover and protect CNS
-hold cerebrospinal fluid
-prevents pathogens from entering cerebrospinal fluid

Front 23

Cerebral Cortex

Back 23

-has 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal & occiputal
-location of interneurons for perception of all senses
-site of memory, emotion, learning
-site of initiation of voluntary muscle contraction

Front 24

The Cerebellum

Back 24

-protrudes under occiputal lobes of cerebrum
-11% brain's mass
-resp. for balance and coordination

Front 25

Brain Stem

Back 25

-composed of PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA
-controls basic life functions (heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate)

Front 26

Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

Back 26

-secrete hormones which regulate metabolic processes (water balance, sex hormones in blood, nutrient levels in blood)
-hypothalamus secretes hormones that cause the petiutary to secrete hormones

Front 27

Spinal Cord functions

Back 27

-attached to brain, extends to lumbar region of vertebral column
-integrates basic stimuli to body below the neck
-sends sensory and motor info to and from the brain

Front 28

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

Back 28

Dorsal (Posterior) Horns
Ventral (Anterior) Horns

Front 29

Dorsal (Posterior) Horns

Back 29

-where sensory info enters the cord where they synapse with neurons

Front 30

Ventral (Anterior) Horns

Back 30

-where motor info exits the cord to effectors

Front 31

What are Mixed Nerves?

Back 31

-most common type of nerve in the body
-mixture of sensory and motor neurons carrying impulses via PNS to AND from CNS

Front 32

Somatic Sensory Neurons

Back 32

part of the sensory division of PNS
-send APs from skin, skeletal muscles, joints

Front 33

Visceral Sensory Neurons

Back 33

part of the sensory division of PNS
-send APs from organs within abdominal and thoracic cavities

Front 34

Motor Division of PNS

Back 34

-made of efferent neurons
-controls the action of effectors

Front 35

Somatic Motor Neurons

Back 35

-part of motor division of PNS
-send APs to voluntary skeletal muscle

Front 36

Visceral Motor Neurons

Back 36

aka Autonomic Nervous System
part of the motor division of PNS
-send APs to involuntary cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

Front 37

The difference in the functions of the Motor and Sensory Divisions of PNS

Back 37

they both control the same effectors but create opposite responses in effectors

Front 38

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 38

-the visceral motor neurons of the PNS
-control activity of involuntary muscles and glands
-APs of these motor neurons are initiated by the medulla and pons

Front 39

what are the Efferent pathways of the ANS?

Back 39

-a 2 neuron chain between the brain and spinal cord and effector
-preganglionic neurons begin in CNS extend to ganglion
-postganglionic neurons extend from ganglion to effector organ

Front 40

Sympathetic division

Back 40

"fight or flight"
-activated when body needs to expend energy (exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment)
-increases heart rate, respiration rate, blood flow to skeletal muscles etc
-decreases blood flow to digestive system

Front 41

Parasympathetic division

Back 41

"rest and digest"
-activated when body needs to conserve energy (digestion, defecation, diuresis)
-decreases heart rate, respiration rate, etc
-increases activity of and blood flow to digestive system organs

Front 42

What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 42

Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division

Front 43

What are the neurotransmitters of the preganglionic neurons?

Back 43

-BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of preganglionic neurons exocytose ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) onto postganglionic cells

Front 44

What are the neurotransmitters of the postganglionic neurons?

Back 44

-Sympathetic postganglionic cells release NOREPINEPHRINE (NE) onto the effector

-Parasympathetic postganglionic cells release ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) onto effector

Front 45

Effects of Noreprinephrine on organs controlled by ANS

Back 45

-organs are dually controlled have receptors for both ACh & NE

-NE increases heart rate
-decreases seccretion of saliva

Front 46

Effects of Acetylcholine on organs controlled by ANS

Back 46

-organs are dually controlled have receptors for both ACh & NE

-ACh decreases heart rate
-increases secretion of saliva