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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CNS
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Central Nervous System
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PNS
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Nerve
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one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
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Ascending Nerve Tract
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carry nerve impulses toward the brain
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Descending Nerve Tract
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carry nerve impulses away from the brain
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Ganglion
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nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.
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Plexus
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network of intersecting spinal nerves.
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Receptors
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sites in the sensory organs (eyes
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Stimulus
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anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse
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Reflex
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automatic
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Neurons
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basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate
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ACE
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Afferent neurons (afferent means towards)
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SAM
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Sensory neurons (emerge from the sensory organ)
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Dendrites
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root-like extension that receives impulses and conducts the impulse to the cell body
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Axon
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extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell.
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Terminal End Fibers
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branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse.
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Synapse
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the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ.
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Neurotransmitters
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chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor.
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Acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter
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Dopamine
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-neurotransmitter
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Endorphins
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-neurotransmitter
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Norepinephrine
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-neurotransmitter
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Seratonin
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-neurotransmitter
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-plays roles in sleep
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hunger and pleasure recognition.
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Glial cells
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-makes up the myelin sheath
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Myelin sheath
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protective covering made up of glial cels
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Meninges
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-enclose the brain and spinal cord
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-consist of three layers of connective tissue : Dura mater
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arachnoid membrane
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Dura mater
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-thick outermost membrane of the meninges
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Arachnoid membrane
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-second layer of the meninges
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Pia mater
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-third layer of the meninges
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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-AKA spinal fluid
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Cerebrum
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-largest and uppermost portion of the brain
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-responsible for all thought
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judgment
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Frontal lobe
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-part of the cerebrum
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-controls skilled motor functions
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memory and behavior.
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Parietal lobe
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-receives and interprets nerve impulse from sensory receptors in the tongue
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Occipital lobe
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-controls eyesight
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Temporal lobe
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-controls hearing and smell and the ability to create
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Thalamus
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-located below the cerebrum
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Hypothalamus
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-regulates the autonomic nervous system (heart rate
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Cerebellum
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-located in the lower back of the cranium below the cerebrum
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Brainstem
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-located in the base of the brain
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-three parts midbrain
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pons
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Midbrain and Pons
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-connection to the higher and lower centers in the brain.
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Medulla
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-lowest part of brainstem
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-controls basic survival functions (heart rate
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blood pressure
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Autonomic nervous system
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-controls the involuntary actions of the body
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Sympathetic nervous system
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-prepares the body for emergencies and stress by increasing breathing and heart rate
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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-returns the body to normal after a response to stress
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Anesthesiologist
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-doctor who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before surgery
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Anesthetist
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-medical professional who administers anesthesia who is not a doctor
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Neurologist
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-doctor who specializes in diseases and disorders of the nervous system
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Neurosurgeon
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-physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system.
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Psychiatrist
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physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies
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Psychologist
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-specialist who is not a doctor but specializes in evaluating and treating emotional problems and mental illness
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Cephalalgia
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-headache
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Migraine headache
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-throbbing pain on one side of the head
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-accompanied by nausea
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vomiting
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Cluster headache
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-intensely painful headache that affect on side of the head
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Encephalocele
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-AKA craniocele
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Meningocele
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-congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column
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Hydrocephalus
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-excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
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Meningitis
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-inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
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-characterized by fever
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vomiting
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Alzheimer's disease
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-group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought
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Dementia
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-slowly progressive decline in mental abilities
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Encephalitis
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-inflammation of the brain
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Parkinson's disease
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-chronic
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-find muscle tremors
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and slow shuffling gait
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RS
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Reye's syndrome
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PD
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Parkinson's disease
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Reye's syndrome
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-potentially serious or deadly disorder in children characterized by vomiting and confusion
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Tetanus
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-AKA lockjaw
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Amnesia
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-memory disturbance
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-can be caused by brain injury
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illness or a psychological disturbance
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Concussion
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-violent shaking up or jarring of the brain
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Cerebral contusion
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-bruising of the brain tissue because of head injury
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Cranial hematoma
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-collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
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Coup
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injury occurring within the skull near the point of impact
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Contrecoup
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-AKA counter blow
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LOC
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Levels of consciousness
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Lethargy
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-lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness
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Stupor
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-unresponsive state
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-can be aroused only briefly with vigorous
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repeated attempts
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Syncope
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-fainting
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Coma
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-deep state of unconsciousness
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-no spontaneous eye movement
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no response to painful stimuli and lack of speech
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Persistent vegetative state
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-coma state but the person cycles through sleep and awake but because of severe brain damage
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Persistent vegetative state
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-coma state but the person cycles through sleep and awake but because of severe brain damage
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Delirium
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-acute condition of confusion
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CVA
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cerebrovascular accident
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Ischemic stroke
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-common type of stroke in older people
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TIA
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transient ischemic attack
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Aphasia
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-loss of the ability to speak
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Hemorrhagic stroke
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-AKA bleed
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Aneurysm
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localized weak balloon like enlargement of an artery wall.
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Somnambulism
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-AKA sleepwalking
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Myelitis
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-inflammation of the spinal cord
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Myelosis
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-tumor of the spinal cord
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Poliomyelitis
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-AKA polio
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Post-polio syndrome
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-recurrence later in life of polio symptoms in people who recovered from it as a child
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Radiculitis
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-AKA pinched nerve
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Cervical radiculopathy
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-nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots int he neck region
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Lumbar radiculopathy
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-nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks
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MS
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Multiple Sclerosis
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-scars the brain
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spinal cord and optic nerves
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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-AKA Lou Gehrig's disease
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Bell's palsy
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-temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only of the affected side of the face.
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-can cause inability to close the eye
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pain
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Siatica
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-inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain
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Trigeminal neuralgia
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-severe lightning like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve
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-pain affects the cheek
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lips
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Cerebral palsy
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-poor muscle control
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Causalgia
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-persistent
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Complex regional pain syndrome
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-AKA Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome
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Hyperesthesia
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-abnormal excessive sensitivity to touch
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Paresthesia
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-burning or prickling sensation usually felt in hands or feet
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Peripheral neuropathy
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-AKA peripheral neuritis
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-produces pain
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loss of sensation and the inability to control muscles
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RLS
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-Restless leg syndrome
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MRI
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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CT
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Computed Tomography
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Carotid Ultrasonography
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-ultrasound study of the carotid artery
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Echoencephalography
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-use of ultrasound imaging to diagnose a shift in the midline structures of the brain
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Electroencephalography
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-process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp
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Myelography
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-radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture
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Lumbar puncture
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-AKA spinal tap
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Amobarbital
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-barbiturate used as a sedative
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Hypnotic
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-depresses the CNS and usually produces sleep
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Anticonvulsant
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-administered to prevent seizures
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Barbiturates
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-class of drugs that calm or depress the CNS
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Phenobarbital
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0barbiturate used as a sedative and an anticonvulsant
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Sedative
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-depresses the CNS to produce a calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep
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Anesthesia
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-absence of normal sensation induced by the administration of anesthetic
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Topical anesthesia
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-numbs only the tissue surface
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Local anesthesia
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-caused the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near the area
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Regional anesthesia
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-temporary interruption of the nerve conduction
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Epidural Anesthesia
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-regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine
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Spinal Anesthesia
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-injects an anesthetic into the subarachnoid space that surrounds the spinal cord
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General anesthesia
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-total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic agents administered by inhalation or IV
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Lobectomy
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-surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders
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Thalamotomy
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-surgical incision into the thalamus
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Neuroplasty
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-surgical repair of a nerve or nerves
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Neurorrhaphy
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-surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve
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Neurotomy
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-surgical incision or dissection of a nerve
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PTSD
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Post traumatic stress disorder
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Agoraphobia
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-excessive fear of situations in which having a panic attack seems likely and dangerous or embarassing
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Autism
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-a group of conditions in which a young child can't develop normal social relationships
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Asperger's syndrome
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-less severe austism
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ADD
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-attention deficit disorder
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Dyslexia
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-AKA developmental mental reading disorder
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Mental retardation
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-3 criteria
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