Ap Music Theory Flash Cards (Finished Version)

Front 1

Cadence/cadential extension

Back 1

The ending of a phrase.

Front 2

Contour: conjunct/disjunct

Back 2

Conjunct- Smooth or connected

Disjunct- Disconnected

Front 3

Melody/countermelody

Back 3

Melody- A set of rhythms and pitches arranged to form the main idea of a musical piece

Countermelody- A secondary melody to harmonize with the original idea.

Front 4

Elision(phrase elision)

Back 4

The omission of sounds in a phrase.

Front 5

Fragment (fragmented motive)

Back 5

Part of a motive.

Front 6

Introduction/bridge/chorus

Back 6

Introduction- The beginning of a song.

Chorus- The recurring theme in a song.

Bridge- The transition between ideas in a song.

Front 7

Twelve-bar blues/song from

Back 7

Twelve-bar blues- A very popular blues chord progression focusing on the I, IV, and V chords.

Front 8

Melodic procedures

Back 8

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Front 9

a. Augmentation

Back 9

Making the notes in a motif have twice the duration.

Front 10

b. Diminution

Back 10

Making the notes in a motif have half the duration.

Front 11

c. Fragmentation

Back 11

Taking a piece of the motif and separating it from the whole.

Front 12

d. Internal expansion

Back 12

Internally adding to the motif to make it longer.

Front 13

e. Inversion

Back 13

Inverting the intervals between notes in the motif.

Front 14

f. Literal repetition

Back 14

Literally repeating the motif.

Front 15

g. Octave displacement

Back 15

Displacing the motif by and octave

Front 16

h. Retrograde

Back 16

Reversing the motif.

Front 17

i. Truncation

Back 17

To shorten the motif.

Front 18

Extension/phrase extension

Back 18

To extend past the original motif.

Front 19

Motive/motivic transformation

Back 19

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Front 20

Period/contrasting/double/parallel

Back 20

Period- Two phrases, connected by cadences between them.

Contrasting- An "a" phrase followed by a "b" period.

Parallel- An "a" phrase followed by another "a" or an "a' " phrase

Front 21

Antecedent/consequent

Back 21

Antecedent- The first phrase. (The "question")

Consequent- The second phrase. (The "answer")

Front 22

Phrase Group

Back 22

A group of phrases.

Front 23

Refrain

Back 23

A recurring musical idea often referred to as the chorus of a song.

Front 24

Small Forms

Back 24

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Front 25

a. Binary

Back 25

A two part A-B song structure.

Front 26

b. Rounded binary

Back 26

A binary form with an A-B-A' structure.

Front 27

c. Simple binary

Back 27

A binary form with just an A-B structure.

Front 28

d. Ternary

Back 28

An A-B-A song structure.

Front 29

Solo (soli)

Back 29

A passage that is performed by a single musician.

Front 30

Strophic/through-composed

Back 30

A structure where the notes and rhythms are the same but the lyrics change each time it is repeated.

Front 31

Theme (thematic transformation)

Back 31

The main theme of a song.

Front 32

Theme and variations

Back 32

A theme that is repeated with changes added to it each time.

Front 33

Root position inversions and seventh chord inversions

Back 33

Triad Inversions- Root, 1st(6), 2nd(6/4)

Seventh Inversions- 7, 6/5, 4/3, 4,2

Front 34

8-7, 9-8, 7-6, 4-3

Back 34

...um

Front 35

Triads in major and minor

Back 35

Triads in major- I, ii, iii, IV, V, vi, viio(diminished)

Triads in minor- I, iio, III, iv, V(raised leading tone), v, VI, viio(raised leading tone), VII

Front 36

Cadence types

Back 36

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Front 37

a. perfect

Back 37

A V-I cadence with the root of the chord in the soprano.

Front 38

b. Imperfect

Back 38

A V-I cadence with the root not in the soprano.

Front 39

c. deceptive

Back 39

A V-vi cadence.

Front 40

d. half (phrygian half)

Back 40

A cadence that goes from a chord to the V chord. The phrygian half cadence is a half cadence that goes from IV6-V.

Front 41

e. plagal

Back 41

A IV-I cadence.

Front 42

f. conclusive/inconclusive

Back 42

Conclusive- A cadence that concludes a period or phrase

Inconclusive- a cadence that does not conclude a period or phrase

Front 43

Triad types: augmented, diminished, major, minor

Back 43

Augmented- Major third plus a major third

diminished- minor third plus a minor third

major- major third plus a minor third

minor- minor third plus a major third

Front 44

Seventh chord types

Back 44

Major, Major-Minor(dominant), minor, Half diminished, fully diminished

Front 45

Function

Back 45

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Front 46

a. tonic function

Back 46

The chord or note that acts as the tonic in the music.

Front 47

b. dominant function

Back 47

The chord or note that acts as the dominant in the music. (leads to the tonic)

Front 48

c. predominant function

Back 48

A chord or note that leads to the dominant.

Front 49

Circle of fifths

Back 49

The circle of different keys displaced by a fifth that add or subtract an accidental from the key signature with each fifth.

Front 50

Harmonic rhythm

Back 50

The rate at which chords change.

Front 51

Modulation

Back 51

The shifting from one key to another.

Front 52

a. Common tone

Back 52

A modulation that is achieved by using a tone common between the two keys.

Front 53

b. Phrase (direct)

Back 53

A modulation without using something common between the keys.

Front 54

c. Pivot chord

Back 54

A transition chord between two keys.

Front 55

Tonicization

Back 55

When the tonic changes for a short time.

Front 56

Neighboring chord

Back 56

A type of embellishing chord.

Front 57

Retrogression

Back 57

The opposite of the normal chord progression.

Front 58

Secondary Dominant/ secondary Leading Tone chord

Back 58

The second function of a chord.

Front 59

Second Inversion triads: arpeggiating, cadential, neighboring/passing, passing

Back 59

A 6/4 chord can be used for three different things to help either smooth out the music or have a function in the cadence.

Front 60

Non-chord tones: anticipation, appaggiatura, escape tone, Neighboring tone, Ornament, passing tone, pedal point, suspension

Back 60

Notes used to embellish the melody and add variety to the music.

Front 61

Spacing/ Voicing

Back 61

The spacing of the chords between the different parts.

Front 62

Voice leading: commmon tone, motion, objectionable parallels, cross relation, direct, unequal, unresolved, tendency tone

Back 62

How different parts in the chord move with each other. There are many part writing errors that can be made including spacing issues and certain parallels.

Front 63

Arpeggio/ arpeggiation

Back 63

A chord broken up into individual notes sounded one after another.

Front 64

Consonance/dissonance

Back 64

Consonance-Sounds that are "pleasing to the ear"

Dissonance-Sounds that are "displeasing to the ear"

Front 65

Figured bass

Back 65

Harmony markings used to show what chords to play with the melody.

Front 66

Lead Sheet

Back 66

Notation that indicates the harmonies to the melody.

Front 67

Picardy Third

Back 67

A major triad used at the end of a minor piece.

Front 68

Resolution

Back 68

The moving from a dissonant to consonant sound.

Front 69

Intervals: Compound, Half step, inversion, types, tritone, unison, whole step

Back 69

The distance between notes.

Front 70

Accent, agogic/dynamic/metri-cal

Back 70

Markings that indicate how a note should be played.

Front 71

Anacrusis (pickup/upbeat)

Back 71

The upbeat or pickup to a piece of music.

Front 72

Meter

Back 72

The division of the beats in music.

Front 73

Bar line

Back 73

The division of the staff into measures.

Front 74

Beat/Pulse

Back 74

The pulse of the music.

Front 75

Cross rhythm

Back 75

Different rhythms played at the same time.

Front 76

Dot/double dot/dotted rhythm

Back 76

The indication to add duration to a note. A dotted quarter note will be held for an extra eighth note.

Front 77

Duplet/triplet

Back 77

A type of rhythm used in music where the beats are different from the meter of the music.

Front 78

Duration/rhythm

Back 78

The amount of time a note is held for.

Front 79

Hemiola

Back 79

Two rhythms played with a 3:2 ratio at the same time.

Front 80

Note value

Back 80

The marking that indicates the duration of a note.

Front 81

Polyrhythm/cross rhythm

Back 81

Different rhythms played at the same time.

Front 82

swing

Back 82

Rhythm that creates emphasis on each beat of the measure.

Front 83

syncopation

Back 83

Rhythms that do not happen on the beat.

Front 84

tempo

Back 84

How fast or slow the music is played.

Front 85

Tie

Back 85

Notes that are tied together and held for the duration of both of them combined.

Front 86

Time signature

Back 86

The indication of how many beats are in a measure and which note gets the beat.

Front 87

Accidential

Back 87

The marking that indicates if a note should be raised or lowered by a step.

Front 88

Chromatic/diatonic

Back 88

Chromatic- Outside of the key.

Diatonic- In the key.

Front 89

Key signature

Back 89

Indicates which notes should be raised or lowered in general when playing the music.

Front 90

Major scale

Back 90

WWHWWWH

Front 91

Minor, Harmonic, Melodic, Natural

Back 91

Natural minor- Lowered 3rd, 6th, and 7th.

Harmonic minor- same as natural with raise 7th

Melodic- lowered 3rd when ascending. Same as natural when descending.

Front 92

Modes

Back 92

Ionian, Dorian, Phyrgian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian

Front 93

Modality

Back 93

The mode of the music.

Front 94

Parallel key/ relative key

Back 94

Parallel key- Same tonic

Relative key- same accidentials

Front 95

Pentatonic scale

Back 95

A five tone scale.

Front 96

Whole tone scale

Back 96

A scale divided by whole notes.

Front 97

Chromatic scale

Back 97

A scale divided by half notes.

Front 98

Scale degree names

Back 98

Arabic numerals from 1-7 with a "^" above them to indicate the name of the note.

Front 99

Tetrachord

Back 99

A series of three smaller intervals that span the interval of a perfect fourth.

Front 100

Tonal/atonal

Back 100

Tonal-Music based off of a specific key

Atonal-Music that is not centered around a specific key

Front 101

Counterpoint

Back 101

Two or more melodies that can be played together but are each their own musical idea.

Front 102

Hetrophony

Back 102

Two or more versions of similar melodies being played simultaneously

Front 103

Homophony

Back 103

One melody, with harmony that moves rhythmically with the melody.

Front 104

Polyphony

Back 104

Music composed with many parts.

Front 105

Chordal accompianiment

Back 105

A chord progression that goes with a melody.

Front 106

Instrumentation

Back 106

The instruments that are playing the music.

Front 107

Canon/canonic

Back 107

Each part mimics the last one at a specific distance from each other.

Front 108

Obbligato

Back 108

An accompaniment that should not be omitted from the harmony.

Front 109

Ostinato

Back 109

A short melodic rhythm or pattern that is repeated throughout an entire piece.

Front 110

Register

Back 110

The range of an instrument or voice part.

Front 111

Tessitura

Back 111

The range of a composition.

Front 112

Alberti bass/ Walking bass

Back 112

A bass line composed of arpeggios.

Front 113

Lyrics

Back 113

Text added to the music of a piece.

Front 114

Melismatic/ melisma

Back 114

A group of notes sung to a single syllable.

Front 115

Stanza/ verse

Back 115

A recurring pattern in the music for each piece of text.

Front 116

Syllabic

Back 116

Each note has a corresponding syllable.

Front 117

Aria

Back 117

A song sung by a single voice without accompaniment.

Front 118

Art song/ song

Back 118

A cultural song made to be sung in a concert hall instead of where traditional folk songs are sung.

Front 119

Concerto

Back 119

A baroque style of music that is performed with a small group of musicians.

Front 120

Fugue

Back 120

A form of music with a main theme that is reintroduced by different parts in succession.

Front 121

Genre

Back 121

A style or type of music.

Front 122

Opera

Back 122

A play set to music.

Front 123

Interlude/prelude/postlude

Back 123

Interlude- A piece of music that is played between movements.

Prelude-A piece of music set to introduce a larger movement.

Postlude-A piece of music that concludes a larger movement.

Front 124

Sonata/string quartet/symphony

Back 124

Sonata- an instrumental genre for a single instrumentalist or a small group

String quartet- A group of four string musicians who perform together.

symphony- A large composition for orchestra made up of multiple movements.