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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Scale
A scale is a collection of pitches in ascending and descending order. Musicians use a scale as a convenient way of displaying the notes used in a melody or harmony.
Pitch Class
A pitch class contains all notes of the same name regardless of octave. Pitch classes are arranged in ascending order to form a scale
Diatonic
defines a scale of mixed half and whole steps (and occasionally step and a half) in which each individual tone plays a role. The tonic is the most stable note and many diatonic melodies end on the tonic.
Solfeggio
vocal exercises which use do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do to teach pitch.
Major Scale
A scale of seven different pitch classes with half steps between the third and fourth and the seventh and eighth scale degrees and whole steps between all other scale degrees.
Transposition
rewriting a scale pattern at any different pitch.
C Major
CDEFGABC
G Major
GABCDEF#G
D Major
DEF#GABC#D
A Major
ABC#DEF#G#A
E Major
EF#G#ABC#D#E
B Major
BC#D#EF#G#A#B
F# Major
F#G#A#BC#D#E#F#
C# Major
C#D#E#F#G#A#B#C#
Cb Major
CbDbEbFbGbAbBbCb
Gb Major
GbAbBbCbDbEbF
Db Major
DbEbFGbAbFbCDb
Ab Major
AbBbCDbEbFGAb
Eb Major
EbFGAbBbCDEb
Bb Major
BbCDEbFGABb
F Major
FGABbCDEF
Minor Scale
A common diatonic scale. It is varied in pitch material because there are two versions of the sixth and seventh scale degrees. Traditionally the minor scales have been described as having three distinct forms, but in practice, composers use all of the scale resources of the minor scale within a single composition. The three traditional forms of the minor scale are called natural, harmonic, and melodic.
Natural Form
Contains seven different pitches with whole steps separating adjacent tones except for half steps between the second and third degrees and between the fifth and sixth degrees. The natural form of the minor scale is the major scale from sixth to sixth degree.
Harmonic Form
The harmonic form of the minor scale has a raised seventh degree. Raising the seventh degree creates a step and a half between the sixth and seventh degrees and a half step between the seventh and eighth degrees. Accidentals used to raise the seventh degree do not appear in the key signature.
Melodic Form
includes raised sixth and seventh scale degrees in the ascending form, producing half steps between the second and third and seventh and eighth degrees. The descending form is the same as the natural minor.
Tonic
1st scale degree. Tonal center, the final resolution tone.
Supertonic
2nd scale degree. One step above the tonic.
Mediant
3rd scale degree. Midway between tonic and dominant
Subdominant
4th scale degree. The lower dominant, the fifth tone down from the tonic (also the fourth tone down from the tonic.
Dominant
5th scale degree. So called because its function is next in importance to the tonic
Submediant
6th scale degree. The lower mediant halfway between tonic and lower dominant (subdominant). The third tone down from the tonic (also the sixth tone up from the tonic.
Leading Tone
7th scale degree. Strong affinity for and leads melodically to the tonic.
Subtonic
7th scale degree. Used only to designate the seventh degree of the natural minor scale (a whole step below the tonic).
Relative scale relationships
A major and minor scale that have the same key signature are in a relative relationship. To find the relative minor of a major go to the 6th scale degree. To find the relative major of a minor go to the 3rd scale degree.
Parallel scale relationships
A major and minor scale that have the same tonic note are said to be in parallel relationship.
Tonality
An organized system of tones (e.g., the tones of a major or minor scale) in which one tone (the tonic) becomes the central point to which the remaining tones are related. In tonality, the tonic (tonal center) is the tone of complete relaxation, the target toward which other tones lead.
Key
refers to the tonal system based on the major and minor scales. This system is by far the most common tonal system, but tonality can be present in music not based on the major and minor scales
Pentatonic Scale
A five tone scale. Traditionally it is the natural minor scale with the 2nd and 6th scale degrees removed. However, pentatonic has come to mean any arrangement of five tones in a scale.
Whole tone scale
a six tone scale made up entirely of whole steps between adjacent scale degrees.
Blues Scale
A chromatic variant of the major scale with flat third and flat seventh. These notes alternating with the normal third and seventh scale degrees are used to create the blues inflection.
Octatonic Scale
An eight-note scale comprised of alternating whole steps and half steps. Jazz musicians refer to this scale as diminished because the triads resulting from this scale's pitches are diminished.
Dorian Mode
the second degree of the major scale
Phrygian Mode
The third degree of the major scale
Lydian Mode
The fourth degree of the major scale
Mixolydian Mode
the fifth degree of the major scale
Aeolian Mode
The sixth degree of the major scale. It is the same as the natural minor
Locrian Mode
The seventh degree of the major scale