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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Scale
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A scale is a collection of pitches in ascending and descending order. Musicians use a scale as a convenient way of displaying the notes used in a melody or harmony.
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Pitch Class
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A pitch class contains all notes of the same name regardless of octave. Pitch classes are arranged in ascending order to form a scale
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Diatonic
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defines a scale of mixed half and whole steps (and occasionally step and a half) in which each individual tone plays a role. The tonic is the most stable note and many diatonic melodies end on the tonic.
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Solfeggio
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vocal exercises which use do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do to teach pitch.
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Major Scale
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A scale of seven different pitch classes with half steps between the third and fourth and the seventh and eighth scale degrees and whole steps between all other scale degrees.
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Transposition
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rewriting a scale pattern at any different pitch.
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C Major
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CDEFGABC
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G Major
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GABCDEF#G
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D Major
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DEF#GABC#D
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A Major
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ABC#DEF#G#A
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E Major
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EF#G#ABC#D#E
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B Major
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BC#D#EF#G#A#B
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F# Major
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F#G#A#BC#D#E#F#
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C# Major
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C#D#E#F#G#A#B#C#
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Cb Major
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CbDbEbFbGbAbBbCb
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Gb Major
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GbAbBbCbDbEbF
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Db Major
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DbEbFGbAbFbCDb
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Ab Major
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AbBbCDbEbFGAb
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Eb Major
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EbFGAbBbCDEb
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Bb Major
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BbCDEbFGABb
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F Major
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FGABbCDEF
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Minor Scale
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A common diatonic scale. It is varied in pitch material because there are two versions of the sixth and seventh scale degrees. Traditionally the minor scales have been described as having three distinct forms, but in practice, composers use all of the scale resources of the minor scale within a single composition. The three traditional forms of the minor scale are called natural, harmonic, and melodic.
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Natural Form
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Contains seven different pitches with whole steps separating adjacent tones except for half steps between the second and third degrees and between the fifth and sixth degrees. The natural form of the minor scale is the major scale from sixth to sixth degree.
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Harmonic Form
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The harmonic form of the minor scale has a raised seventh degree. Raising the seventh degree creates a step and a half between the sixth and seventh degrees and a half step between the seventh and eighth degrees. Accidentals used to raise the seventh degree do not appear in the key signature.
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Melodic Form
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includes raised sixth and seventh scale degrees in the ascending form, producing half steps between the second and third and seventh and eighth degrees. The descending form is the same as the natural minor.
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Tonic
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1st scale degree. Tonal center, the final resolution tone.
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Supertonic
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2nd scale degree. One step above the tonic.
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Mediant
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3rd scale degree. Midway between tonic and dominant
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Subdominant
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4th scale degree. The lower dominant, the fifth tone down from the tonic (also the fourth tone down from the tonic.
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Dominant
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5th scale degree. So called because its function is next in importance to the tonic
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Submediant
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6th scale degree. The lower mediant halfway between tonic and lower dominant (subdominant). The third tone down from the tonic (also the sixth tone up from the tonic.
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Leading Tone
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7th scale degree. Strong affinity for and leads melodically to the tonic.
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Subtonic
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7th scale degree. Used only to designate the seventh degree of the natural minor scale (a whole step below the tonic).
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Relative scale relationships
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A major and minor scale that have the same key signature are in a relative relationship. To find the relative minor of a major go to the 6th scale degree. To find the relative major of a minor go to the 3rd scale degree.
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Parallel scale relationships
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A major and minor scale that have the same tonic note are said to be in parallel relationship.
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Tonality
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An organized system of tones (e.g., the tones of a major or minor scale) in which one tone (the tonic) becomes the central point to which the remaining tones are related. In tonality, the tonic (tonal center) is the tone of complete relaxation, the target toward which other tones lead.
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Key
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refers to the tonal system based on the major and minor scales. This system is by far the most common tonal system, but tonality can be present in music not based on the major and minor scales
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Pentatonic Scale
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A five tone scale. Traditionally it is the natural minor scale with the 2nd and 6th scale degrees removed. However, pentatonic has come to mean any arrangement of five tones in a scale.
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Whole tone scale
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a six tone scale made up entirely of whole steps between adjacent scale degrees.
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Blues Scale
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A chromatic variant of the major scale with flat third and flat seventh. These notes alternating with the normal third and seventh scale degrees are used to create the blues inflection.
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Octatonic Scale
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An eight-note scale comprised of alternating whole steps and half steps. Jazz musicians refer to this scale as diminished because the triads resulting from this scale's pitches are diminished.
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Dorian Mode
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the second degree of the major scale
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Phrygian Mode
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The third degree of the major scale
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Lydian Mode
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The fourth degree of the major scale
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Mixolydian Mode
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the fifth degree of the major scale
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Aeolian Mode
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The sixth degree of the major scale. It is the same as the natural minor
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Locrian Mode
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The seventh degree of the major scale
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