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103 Cards in this Set
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Reference to the period of relaxation or thaw in relations b/w superpowers during Krushchev's rule in the SU
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Detente
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Idea, acc. to Karl Marx, that change & develpmnt in history result from conflict b/w social classes. Economic forces impel humans to behave in socially determined ways
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Dialectical materialism
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1st European to reach s'ern tip of Africa
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Bartholomew Diaz
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One author of the Encyclopedia
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Denis Diderot
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Radical groups in England in 1650s who called for abolition of private ownership & extension of franchise
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Diggers & Levellers
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5-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution & prior to Napoleon's coming to power
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Directory
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Leader of Brit Tory Party who engineered Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to working class
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Benjamin Disraeli
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Belief that monarchy's power derives from God & represents Him on Earth
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Divine Right Monarchy
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Manufacture of goods in household, production system that gave way to factory system
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Domestic System
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Battleship w/increased speed & power over convent'al warships, devlpd by Germany & GB to increase naval arsenals
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Dreadnought
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French & Jewish army captn unfairly convicted of espionage in case that lasted from 1894-1906
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Alfred Dreyfus
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1867 compromise b/w Germans of Austria-Bohemia & Magyars of Germany to resolve nationalities problem by creating empire of Austria & Kingdom of Hungary, w/common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, & war
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Dual Monarchy
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Russian nat'l legislature
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Duma
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Gov't chartered joint-stock compny organized 1602 controlled spice trades in East Indies
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Dutch East India Co
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Edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots rights of public worship & religious toleration in France
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Edict of Nantes
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Protestant ruler of England, helped stabilize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations
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Elizabeth I
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imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia, freed the peasants (on paper); collectively responsible for redemption payments to gov't
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Emancipation Edict
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Carefully-edited dispatch by Bismarch to the French ambassador that appeared to be insulting....
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Ems telegram
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Article 48 of Weimar constitution, enabled Hitler to issue decrees carrying force of law
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Enabling Act
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Before both world wars, the policy of other European countries that, Germany claimed, prevented German expansion, denying it the right to acquire "living room"
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Encirclement
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Collaborator w/Karl Marx; textile factory owner, supplied Marx w/hard data for economic writings, notably Das Kapital
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Friedrich Engels
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intellectual rev'ution of 18th cent. in which philosophes stressed reason, natural law, progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices
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Enlightenment
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1904 "gentlemen's agreement" b/w France & Britain, establishing close understanding
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Entente Cordial
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French nat'l assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy financial crisis & correct abuses of ancien regime
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Estates-General
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Organization, begun on Jan 1, 1958, including France German Federal Republic Italy & Benelus nations...
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European Economic Community
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Association of W'ern European nations agreeing to favor each other in respect to tariffs....
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European Free Trade Association
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Label for widely different revolts against traditional philosophy stressing choice, freedom, decision & anguish, emerging strongly during WWII & after
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Existentialism
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Group of English socialists including George Bernard Shaw who advocated electoral victories, rather than violent revs, to bring about social change
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Fabian Society
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Limited children's & adolescents' workweek in textile factories in England
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Factory Act
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Political & economic methods of Mussolini in Italy. Based on fasces
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Fascism
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German writer who believed German spirit was nobler & purer than that of other peoples
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J.G. Fichte
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Gov't established in France in Oct. 1958. 1st: 1792-1804, 2nd: 1848-1852, 3rd: 1870-1940....
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Fifth Republic
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Hitler's policy of virulent anti-Semitism, culminating in Holocaust....
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Final Solution
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Leading Utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men & women cooperated in agriculture & industry, abolishing private property & monogamous marriage
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Charles Fourier
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Wilson's peace plans after WWI calling for freedom of the seas, arms reduction, right of self-determination for ethnic groups
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Fourteen Points
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Prussian ruler who expanded territory by invading duchy of Silesia under Maria Theresa of Austria
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Frederick the Great
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Soldier's King who built strong Prussian army & infused military values into Prussian society
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Frederick William
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King of Prussia who promised & later reneged on his promises for constit'al reforms
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Frederick William IV
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Supporters of General de Gaulle refused to acknowledge French armistice 1940....
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Free French
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Economic theory or policy of absence of restrictions or tariffs on goods imported into a country...
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Free trade
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Organized body for scientific study, founded in 1600s
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French Academy of Sciences
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style in 17th century art & literature stressing discipline, balance & restraint & resembling arts in ancient world & Ren.
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French classicism
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Viennese psychoanalyst whose theory of human personality & sexual drives shocked Victorians
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Sigmund Freud
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Last aristocratic revolt against French monarch, specifically nobility-led riots against monarchy
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Fronde
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Italian scientist, formulated terrestrial laws & modern law of inertia....
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Galileo
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Leader of factory workers who assembled before czar's palace to petition him Jan 1905 (Bloody Sunday) for social & political reforms
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Father Gapon
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Soldier of fortune who amassed "red shirt" army to bring Naples & Sicily into unified Italy
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Leader of Xtian Democrats in Italy; committed to democracy & social reform
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Alcide de Gasperi
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1st president of French 5th Republic & former head of Free French movmt in WWII
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Charles de Gaulle
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British Liberal Party leader & prime min., chief rival of Disraeli....reforms in public education, civil service exams, secret balloting
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William Gladstone
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reference to political events of 1688-89 when James II abdicated throne to Will & Mary
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Glorious Revolution
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Panic & insecurity that struck French peasants in summer of 1789 led to widespread destruction of manor houses etc
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Great Fear
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Chief Min. under Louis Philippe; repressive policies led to rev. of 1848
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Francois Guizot
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Forced labor camps set up by Stalin for political discussions
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Gulag
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Legal protection that prohibits imprisonment of subject w/o demonstrated cause
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Habeas corpus
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According to Hegel, social change results from conflict of opposite ideas. Thesis confronted by antithesis --> synthesis --> new thesis
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Hegelian dialectic
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Sponsor of voyages along West African coasts
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Formerly Henry of Navarre
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Henry IV
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Forerunner of German Romanic movmt who believed in volksgeist (nat'l character)
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J.G. Herder
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Pres. of Weimar Germany, appointed Hitler chancellor
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Paul von Hindenburg
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Japanese city on which US dropped atomic bomb on Aug 6 1945
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Hiroshima
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Nazi leader who came to power legally in Germany set up totalitarian dictatorshp....
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Hitler
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Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on concept of anarchic state of nature
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Thomas Hobbes
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Alliance dreamed up by Alexander I of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule under Xtian principles
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Holy Alliance
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Italian dynasty ruling independent state of Piedmont-Sardinia....
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House of Savoy
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French Calvinists
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Huguenots
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Recovery & study of classical writings & authors
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Humanism
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Author of An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding
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David Hume
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Attempt by students & workers to liberalize Communist regime & break off mil. alliance w/SU
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Hungarian Revolt
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Czech priest burned @ stake for rejecting & questioning certain church doctrines like transubstantiation
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John Huss
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acquisition & administration of colonial areas usually in interests of administering country
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Imperialism
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Financial demands placed on loser nations
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Indemities
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Bill passed by German Reichstag that legitimated Bismarck's unconstitutional collection of taxes to update army
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Indemnity Bill
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List of books that Catholics were forbidden to read
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Index
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emphasis on unique & creative personality
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individualism
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Papal pardon for remission of sins
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indulgence
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Religious committee of 6 Roman Cardinals that tried heretics & punished guilty by imprisonment & execution
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Inquisition
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period of Cromwellian rule b/w Stuart monarchs Charles I & Charles II
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Interregnum
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dominant group in Nat'l Convention in 1793 who replaced the Girondins; headed by Robespierre
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Jacobins
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Stuart monarch who ignored constit'al principles & asserted divine right of kings
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James I
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Final Stuart ruler; forced to abdicate to William & Mary
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James II
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German existentialist seeing all people as equally coresponsible for all the terrors & injustices of the world
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Karl Jaspers
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French revisionsist socialist who was assassinated for his pacifist ideals
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Jean Jaures
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Also known as the society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola
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Jesuits
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Document signed by 15 countries that condemned & renounced war as instrument of nat'l policy
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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Soviet leader denounced Stalin's rule & brought temporary thaw in superpowers' relations
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Nikita Krushchev
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Calivinist leader in 16th century Scotland
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John Knox
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independent & propertied russian farmer
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Kulak
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Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations w/Vatican
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Kulturkampf
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British party that replaced Liberals in early twentieth century & championed greater social equality for the working classes through the efforts of labor unions
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Labor Party
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Economic concept of the Scottish philosophe Adam Smith...in opposition to mercantilism the gov'ts role in economy was one of non-interference
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Laissez-faire
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Leader of revisionist socialists, hoped to achieve socialism through ballot rather than bullet
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Ferdinand Lassalle
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Pact that provided recognition by Mussolini of the Vatican & large sum of money to the church as well
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Lateran Agreement
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fixing of prices on bread & other essentials under Robespierre's rule
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Law of the maximum
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proposal included in Wilson's 14 Points to establish an international organization to settle disputes & avoid future wars
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League of Nations
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Bolshevik leader who made Marxist revolution in Nov 1917 & modified orthodox Marxism in doing so
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V.I. Lenin
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creation under Jacobins of citizen army w/support from young & old heralding emergence of modern warfare
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Levee en masse
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formerly Whig Party headed by Gladstone in 19th century
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Liberal Party
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Pact that secured frontier b/w Germany & France & Germany & Belgium
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Locarno Treaty
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Political theorist defended Glorious Revolution w/argument that all people are born w/certain natural rights to life, liberty & property
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John Locke
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Sun King, ruler of France who established....
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Louis XIV
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Nephew of Napoleon I; came to power as president of 2nd French Republic 1848
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Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
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British merchant liner carrying ammunition & passengers that was sunk by German U-boat
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Lusitania
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