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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Martin Luther
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German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the unity of the Roman Catholic world
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Ferdinand Magellan
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circumnavigator of the globe, 1519-1522
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Thomas Malthus
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English parson whose "Essay on Population" argued that population would always increase faster than food supplies
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manorialism
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economic base of feudalism; in brief, the economic system in which the serfs worked the fields of the manorial lord and provided the material wherewithal to support the noble class
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Maria Theresa
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Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary, who lost the Hapsburg possession of Silesia to Frederick the Great but was able to keep her other Austrian territories
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Marshall Plan
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program that advanced more than $11 billion dollars for European recovery to 16 Western nations from 1947-1953; the final cost to the US was $20 billion
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Karl Marx
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German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development
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Guiseppe Mazzini
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idealistic patriot devoted to the principle of united and republican Italy in a world of free states
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"Mein Kampf" ("My Struggle")
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work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923; the book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non-Aryans
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Mensheviks
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right-wing or moderate Russian Marxists willing to cooperate with the bourgeoisie
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mercantilism
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governmental policies by which the state regulates the economy through taxes, tariffs, subsides and laws
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Prince Klemens von Metternich
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Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna
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John Stuart Mill
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British philosopher who published "On Liberty" advocating individual rights against gov't intrusion, and "The Subjection of Women" on the cause of women's rights
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Mir
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a village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the gov't
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Montesquieu
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author of "Spirit of the Laws" and "Persian Letters"
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Sir Thomas More
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Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England, executed by Henry VIII for his refusal to acknowledge publicly his king as Supreme Head of the Church Clergy of England
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Aldo Moro
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former premier of Italy and leader of the Christian Democratic Party who was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1978
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Moroccan crises
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confrontations in 1906 and 1911 between Germany and the nations of France and England over William II's interest in colonial gains in Africa
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Benito Mussolini
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the founder and leader of the Italian Fascist Party
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Nagasaki
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Japanese city on which the US dropped an atomic bomb on August 9, 1945, briniging the Japanese surrender and an end to WWII
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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consul and later emperor of France who established several of the reforms (Code _____) of the French Revolution during his dictatorial rule
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Napoleon III
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the former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself the head of the Second EEmpire
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National Socialists (Nazis)
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the political party of Adolf Hitler
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nationalism
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shared traditions and common loyalties uniting peoples, speaking a similiar langauge (there may be dialect differences)
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Nazi-Soviet Pact
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an agreement between Hitler and Stalin to remain neutral if the other went to war; also, German acknowledgement of Russia's sphere of influence in the Baltics and a secret clause agreeing to the division and takeover of Poland
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nepotism
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the practice of rewarding relatives with church positions
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New Economic Policy (NEP)
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plan intorduced by Lenin after the Russian civil war. Essentially it was a retreat from war communism, allowing some private ownership among the peasants to stimulate agrarian production
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New Model Army
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the disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war
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New Monarchs
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term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthend their monarchical authority, often by Machiavellian means
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Isaac Newton
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English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law
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