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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
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German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the unity of the Roman Catholic world
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Martin Luther
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Circumnavigator of the globe, 1519-1522
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Ferdinand Magellan
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English parson whose "Essay on Population" argued that population would always increase faster than food supply
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Thomas Malthus
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The economic base of feudalism; in brief, the economic system in which the serfs worked the fields of the manorial lord and provided the material wherewithal to support the noble class
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Manorialism
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Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary, who lost the Hapsburg possession of Silesia to Frederick the Great but was able to keep her other Austrian territories
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Maria Theresa
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Program that advanced more than $11 billion for European recovery to sixteen W'ern nations from 1947-1953; the final cost to the US was $20 billion
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Marshall Plan
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German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development
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Karl Marx
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Idealistic patriot devoted to the principle of united and republican Italy in a world of free states
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Giuseppe Mazzini
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Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923; the book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non-Aryans
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Mein Kampf
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Right-wing or moderate Russian Marxists willing to cooperate with the bourgeoisie
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Mensheviks
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Governmental policies by which the state regulates the economy, through taxes, tariffs, subsidies, laws
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Mercantilism
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Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna
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Prince Klemens von Metternich
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British philosopher who published "On Liberty," advocating individual rights against gov't intrusion, and "The Subjection of Women" on the cause of women's rights
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John Stuart Mill
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A village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the gov't
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Mir
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Author of "Spirit of the Laws" and "Persian Letters"
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Montesquieu
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Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England, executed by Henry VIII for his refusal to acknowledge publicly his king as Supreme Head of the Church Clergy of England
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Sir Thomas More
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Former premier of Italy and leader of the Christian Democratic Party who was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1978
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Aldo Moro
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Confrontations in 1906 and 1911 between Germany and the nations of France and England over William II's interest in colonial gains in Africa
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Moroccan crises
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The founder and leader of the Italian Fascist Party
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Benito Mussolini
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Japanese city on which the US dropped an atomic bomb on August 9, 1945, bringing the Japanese to surrender and an end to WWII
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Nagasaki
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Consul and later emperor of France, who established several of the reforms (Code Napoleon) of the French Revolution during his dictatorial rule
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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The former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire
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Napoleon III
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The political party of Adolf Hitler
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National Socialists (Nazis)
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The shared traditions and common loyalties uniting peoples, speaking a similar language (there may be dialect difference)
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Nationalism
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An agreement between Hitler and Stalin to remain neutral if the other went to war; also, German acknowledgment of Russia's sphere of influence in the Baltics and a secret clause agreeing to the division and takeover of Poland
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Nazi-Soviet Pact
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The practice of rewarding relatives with church positions
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Nepotism
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Plan introduced by Lenin after the Russian civil war. Essentially it was a retreat from war communism, allowing some private ownership among the peasants to stimulate agrarian production
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New Economic Policy
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The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war
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New Model Army
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The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority, often by Machiavellian means
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New Monarchs
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English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law
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Isaac Newton
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German philosopher and forerunner of the modern existentialist movement; he stressed the role of the Ubermensch, or "Superman," who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity
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Friedrich Nietzsche
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The last czar of the Romanov dynasty, whose government collapsed under the pressure WWI
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Nicholas II
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Date of the declaration by the more liberal aristocrats and bourgeosie of the National Assembly at a secret meeting to abolish the feudal regime in France
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Night of August 4, 1789
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Military alliance founded in 1949, between the US and Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, and Italy; later Greece, Turkey and West Germany joined
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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British feminist whose legal persistence resulted in the Married Women's Property Act, which gave married women the same property rights as unmarried women
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Caroline Norton
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Measures enacted in Nazi Germany that excluded Jews from white-collar professions and from marriage and habitation with non-Jews
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Nuremberg Laws
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Proceedings held after 1945 to convict German military and civilian leaders of "crimes against humanity" for their roles in the extermination of Jews and other peoples
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Nuremberg War Crimes trials
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British suffragette and founder of the Women's Social and Political Union
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Emmeline Pankhurst
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A movement to unite Slavs in the Balkans
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Pan-Slavism
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The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war with the newly elected National Assembly set up at Versailles after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War
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Paris Commune
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French law court staffed by nobles that could register or refuse to register a king's edict in Old Regine France
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Parlement
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Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters
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Parliament Act of 1911
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Russian author of "Dr. Zhivago," a novel condemning the brutality of the Stalin era
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Boris Pasternak
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The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; it allowed each prince - whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist - to choose the established creed of his territory
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Peace of Westphalia
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Document in which Charles V officially recognized Lutheranism as a religion in the Holy Roman Empire that a ruler or free city had the liberty to choose for all subjects in the region
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Peace of Augsburg
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The pact concluding the War of Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France, and conferring control of Gibraltar on England
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Peace of Utrecht
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The promise Lenin made to his supporters on his arrival in April 1917 in Russia after his exile abroad
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"Peace, land, and bread"
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The thaw in cold war tensions between the superpowers
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Peaceful coexistence
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Napoleon's long-drawn-out war with Spain
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Peninsular War
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The first woman to be executed for a political crime in Russia. She was a member of a militant movement that assassinated Czar Alexander II in 1881
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Sofia Perovskaia
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The Romanov czar who initiated the westernization of Russian society by traveling to the West and incorporating techniques of manufacturing as well as manners and dress
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Peter the Great
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