A&p Midterm Nait

Front 1

What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord and where are they found?

Back 1

cervical (c4-t1)
lumbar (t9-t12)

Front 2

What are the general research categories of anatomy?

Back 2

gross (macro)
embryology (developmental)
microscopic (histology)
surface (topographical)

Front 3

What percentage of bone matrix is water?

Back 3

15%

Front 4

4 types of tissues?

Back 4

epithelial
muscle
nervous
connective

Front 5

What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system

Back 5

CNS, PNS

Front 6

Where is the conus medullaris found?

Back 6

L1-L2

Front 7

What are the 6 levels of structural organisation?

Back 7

chemicals
cells
tissues
organs
systems
organism

Front 8

What percentage of bone matrix is collagen?

Back 8

30%

Front 9

4 possible physical states of tissues?

Back 9

solid, semisolid, liquid

Front 10

What are the main components of the PNS?

Back 10

Nerves, ganglia, sensory receptor, enteric plexus

Front 11

what is the filum terminale?

Back 11

a fibrous tissue that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

Front 12

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

Back 12

skeletal
muscular
intergumentary
nervous
urinary
digestive
lymphatic
respiratory
cardiovascular
reproductive
endocrine

Front 13

What percentage of bone matrix is crystallized mineral salts?

Back 13

55%

Front 14

Characteristics of epithelial tissues (ECM, nerve supply, blood supply)

Back 14

small amount of ECM
nervous
no direct blood supply

Front 15

What are the subdivisions of the PNS?

Back 15

Somatic, Autonomic, Enteric

Front 16

What is the collection of roots which extend inferiorly from the conus medullaris?

Back 16

the cauda equina

Front 17

What are the four cavities of the body with subcavities?

Back 17

Cranial
Vertebral
Thoracic (pleural, pericardium, mediastinum)
Abdominopelvic (abdominal, pelvic)

Front 18

Name the three main components of bone matrix

Back 18

collagen, crystallized mineral salts, water

Front 19

Name the shapes of epithelial cells

Back 19

cuboidal, squamous, columnar, transitional

Front 20

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic motor PNS?

Back 20

Sympathetic, parasympathetic

Front 21

What are the meninges and what are the spaces around them?

Back 21

epidural
dura mater
subdural
arachnoid
subarachnoid
pia mater

Front 22

What are the two ways to subdivide the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 22

quadrants (left and right, upper and lower)
9 regions (left and right hypochondriac, epigastric, left and right lumbar, umbilical, left and right inguinal, hypogastric)

Front 23

What are the main components of the crystallized mineral salts in bone matrix?

Back 23

calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. Also in the bone matrix are Mg, F, S04 and K

Front 24

Classify epithelial cells by layer type

Back 24

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

Front 25

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Back 25

sensory, integrative, motor

Front 26

What is found in the epidural space?

Back 26

fat, connective tissue

Front 27

Name the four types of bone cells

Back 27

Osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells

Front 28

Classify epithelial cells by function

Back 28

barrier (covering or lining)
glandular (secretion and absorption)

Front 29

What are the structural classifications of neurons?

Back 29

(multi, uni, bi) polar

Front 30

What is found in the subdural space?

Back 30

interstitial fluid

Front 31

Where are osteogenic cells found?

Back 31

inner periosteum, endosteum and haversian canals

Front 32

Where are cuboidal epithelial cells found?

Back 32

ovaries, kidneys

Front 33

What are the functions of astrocytes?

Back 33

Structural support
blood-brain barrier
secrete chemicals in embryo
homeostasis of neuronal chemical environment of neurons
role in learning and memory by influencing the formation of neural synapses

Front 34

What is found in the subarachnoid space?

Back 34

CSF

Front 35

What is the function of osteocytes?

Back 35

Maintain metabolism - exchange of nutrients and wastes with blood

Front 36

Where are squamous epithelial cells found?

Back 36

lips, cervix

Front 37

What are the two types of astrocytes and where are they found?

Back 37

Fibrous - white matter
protoplasmic - grey matter

Front 38

Which meningeal layer contains blood vessels?

Back 38

pia mater

Front 39

When does ossification start in the human body?

Back 39

Around 6 weeks

Front 40

Where are columnar epithelial cells found?

Back 40

respiratory system, digestive tract, female reproductive system

Front 41

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

Back 41

Produce and maintain myelin sheath

Front 42

Where is CSF made?

Back 42

choroid plexus (ependymal cells)

Front 43

What are the two types of bone development?

Back 43

Intramembranous and Endochondral (more common)

Front 44

Where are transitional epithelial cells found?

Back 44

urinary bladder

Front 45

What is the function of microglia?

Back 45

phagocytosis of celllular debris

Front 46

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body? How many in each section?

Back 46

31
8, 12, 5, 5, 1

Front 47

What are the four stages of intermembranous ossification?

Back 47

Development of ossification centre
calcification
formation of trabeculate
development of periosteum

Front 48

Where are simple epithelial cells found?

Back 48

kidneys, alveoli, blood vessels

Front 49

Which type of neuron has many dendrites?

Back 49

Multipolar

Front 50

What do dorsal roots carry?

Back 50

sensory APs

Front 51

What are the six stages of endochondral ossification?

Back 51

development of cartilage model
growth of cartilage model
development of primary ossification centre
development of medullary cavity
development of secondary ossification centre
formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Front 52

What is the main function of cuboidal epithelial cells?

Back 52

secretion and absorption, may have microvilli

Front 53

Which neurons are fused together to form a long chain?

Back 53

Unipolar

Front 54

What do ventral roots carry?

Back 54

motor APs

Front 55

Name the various components of osteons

Back 55

central (haversian) canal, lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi. Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels penetrate though perforating or volkmann's canals.

Front 56

What is the main function of squamous epithelial cells?

Back 56

rapid diffusion

Front 57

Where are bipolar neurons found?

Back 57

The eye, inner ear, and olfactory area

Front 58

Within the spinal cord, columns have a common _____ and a common _______

Back 58

origin and destination

Front 59

Flat bones, short bones and irregular bones are mostly formed of which type of bone?

Back 59

spongy

Front 60

What is the main function of columnar epithelial cells?

Back 60

protect tissues, may have cilia, microvilli

Front 61

Discuss the structure and function of ependymal cells

Back 61

Shape - cuboidal to columnar
Single layer
have microvilli and cilia
produce and monitor CSF

Front 62

What does grey matter consist of?

Back 62

dendrites, cell bodies, axons and neuroglia

Front 63

How many bones in the axial and appendicular portion of the body?

Back 63

80- axial
126- appendicular

Front 64

Where are stratified epithelial cells found?

Back 64

dorsum of tongue, hard palate, esophagus

Front 65

What purpose do Schwann cells have?

Back 65

produce myelin sheath, neurolemma

Front 66

Where is the central canal?

Back 66

Centrally located within the grey matter

Front 67

Name a couple of functions of sesamoid bones

Back 67

protect tendon, increase mechanical effect of tendon

Front 68

Where are pseudostratified epithelial cells found?

Back 68

trachea, respiratory system

Front 69

What do satellite cells do and where are they found?

Back 69

provide support and regulate the exchange of materials in the PNS

Front 70

What neurons do the posterior grey horns contain?

Back 70

sensory, interneurons

Front 71

Which hormones stimulate or regulate growth and from which gland do they originate?

Back 71

hGH - pituitary
t3, t4, calcitonin - thyroid
PTH - parathyroid
testosterone, estrogen - testes, ovaries, adrenal glands

Front 72

What is the main function of simple epithelial cells?

Back 72

diffusion, secretion, absorption, osmosis, filtration

Front 73

What two types of synapses are found within the nervous system?

Back 73

Electrical (gap junction) and chemical

Front 74

What neurons do the anterior grey horns contain?

Back 74

motor

Front 75

What protein promotes growth in childhood? What does this protein do? Where is it produced?

Back 75

Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs)
promotes osteoblast function, cell division and enhances the synthesis of new proteins
produced in response to hGH in the liver and bone tissues

Front 76

Does connective tissue have nerve and blood supply?

Back 76

yes, except for cartilage

Front 77

Where are gap junctions found?

Back 77

heart, smooth muscle, brain

Front 78

What neurons do the lateral grey horns contain?

Back 78

autonomic regulation

Front 79

What hormones promote bone growth in childhood?

Back 79

Insulin (promotes protein synthesis)
T3 and T4

Front 80

Name the functions of connective tissue?

Back 80

storage of energy
protection of organs
structural framework for the body

Front 81

Name two advantages of gap junctions

Back 81

faster communication, synchronized

Front 82

True or false: thoracic spinal nerves pass over the vertebral body?

Back 82

false

Front 83

What are the two criteria for classifying joints?

Back 83

1. presence of space between joints
2. the type of connective tissue that holds the bones together

Front 84

What are the main components of connective tissue?

Back 84

ECM, fibres, cells

Front 85

Describe the mechanism for chemical interneuronal transmission

Back 85

neurotransmitter, which is stored in synaptic bulbs and varicosities, is released and crosses the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic dendrite

Front 86

What are the groupings within a nerve?

Back 86

neuron
endoneurium
fascicle
perineurium
epineurium

Front 87

Name the joint types

Back 87

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

Front 88

What are the two main components of the ECM?

Back 88

ground substance, fibres

Front 89

What are the two types of axonal transport and what direction does each travel in?

Back 89

Slow - body to axonal terminals (anteriograde)
fast - both directions (retrograde and anteriograde)

Front 90

What do the three nerve branches serve?

Back 90

anterior - muscles of upper and lower limbs, skin of lateral and anterior trunk
posterior - deep muscles and skin of posterior trunk
meningeal - reenters vertebral cavity through intervertebral foramen

Front 91

What are the three types of fibrous joints? Give an example of each

Back 91

Sutures - skull joints
syndesmones - gomphosis
interosseus membranes - between ulna and radius

Front 92

what are the possible states of ground substance?

Back 92

fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, calcified

Front 93

What is characteristic of perkinje neurons and where are they found?

Back 93

Many dendritic processes
cerebellum

Front 94

What are the five spinal plexuses and what do they serve?

Back 94

Cervical (c1-4) - skin and muscles of the head-chest (contains phrenic nerve)
Brachial (c4-t1) - upper limbs and shoulders
Lumbar (L1-4) - anterior lateral abdominal wall, external genital, part of lower limbs
Sacral - buttocks, perineum, lower limbs
Coccygeal - skin of that region

Front 95

Name the two types of cartilaginous joints and give an example of each.

Back 95

Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage, no movement) - epiphyseal plates
Symphyses - pubic symphysis

Front 96

What are the three fibre types?

Back 96

collagen, elastic, reticular (fine mesh)

Front 97

Where are pyramidal neurons found and why are they named as such?

Back 97

cerebral cortex
shape

Front 98

Where does the sciatic nerve originate?

Back 98

L4-S3

Front 99

What are the components of a synovial joint?

Back 99

Articular cartilage (reduce friction, absorb shock), articular capsule (forms ligaments), synovial membrane

Front 100

What embryonic cells give rise to connective tissues?

Back 100

mesenchymal cells

Front 101

What are the factors for the speed of transmission in an axon?

Back 101

temperature
diameter of axon
myelination

Front 102

What does the sciatic nerve branch into?

Back 102

tibial and common fibular nerves, send branches to hamstring muscles and abductor magnus

Front 103

Name the classifications of synovial joints and give an example of each

Back 103

Planar (navicular-lateral cuneiform), saddle (carpal-metacarpal of thumb), ball-and-socket (ishial-femoral), pivot (atlanto-axial), hinge (humero-ulnar), condyloid (radio-carpal)

Front 104

What cells are commonly found in connective tissue?

Back 104

fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes

Front 105

What are the steps for generation of APs?

Back 105

Presence of concentration and voltage gradient
cell body reaches threshold
depolarization (Na channels)
repolarization (K channels)
hyperpolarization (Na/K pump)
rest period

Front 106

What happens if the phrenic nerve is severed?

Back 106

respiratory arrest

Front 107

What are the determinants of joint range of motion

Back 107

structure and shape of articulating surfaces
strength and tension of ligaments
arrangement and tension of muscles
contact of soft parts
hormones
amount of use

Front 108

What are the 5 types of mature connective tissues?

Back 108

loose, dense, cartilage, bone, liquid

Front 109

Where is the phrenic nerve found?

Back 109

cervical plexus

Front 110

What are the types of fractures?

Back 110

Colles (distal end of radius)
Pott (distal end of fibula)
comminuted
impacted
greenstick
open (compound)
stress

Front 111

Areolar and adipose tissues fall into which category of connective tissues?

Back 111

Loose

Front 112

What is the largest lumbar nerve?

Back 112

femoral

Front 113

What are the three types of dense connective tissues? Give examples

Back 113

regular (tendons), irregular (dermis), and elastic (lung tissue, arteries)

Front 114

What is the largest nerve in the body?

Back 114

sciatic

Front 115

What are the three types of cartilage? Give an example of each

Back 115

hyaline (ribs, nose, trachea)
fibrocartilage (intervertebral, meniscus of the knee)
elastic (epiglottis, external ear)

Front 116

What is a plexus?

Back 116

a network of nerves

Front 117

What are the two types of bone?

Back 117

spongy, compact

Front 118

Name the liquid connective tissues

Back 118

blood, lymph

Front 119

What are the differences between connective and epithelial cells?

Back 119

epithelial tightly packed
epithelial don't connect stuff together
epithelial has small amount of ECM
epithelial are organised into layers
epithelial are avascular

Front 120

What are the three types of muscle tissues? Give an example of each

Back 120

skeletal, biceps femoris
cardiac, heart
smooth, intestines, iris, urinary bladder

Front 121

Which muscle types are striated?

Back 121

Skeletal and cardiac

Front 122

Which muscle types are mononucleated?

Back 122

Cardiac and smooth

Front 123

What attaches cardiac muscles to each other?

Back 123

intercalcated discs

Front 124

What word describes the shape of smooth muscle cells?

Back 124

spindle

Front 125

What are the four properties of muscle tissue?

Back 125

extensibility
excitablility
elasticity
contractility

Front 126

What two cell types are classified as nervous tissue?

Back 126

nerves
glia

Front 127

Receptors are sensitive to which stimuli?

Back 127

heat/cold, light/dark, pressure

Front 128

Name the parts of a neuron

Back 128

soma, dendrites, axon, synaptic branches, synaptic bulbs,

Front 129

Name the neuron types

Back 129

afferent, efferent, interneurons

Front 130

Name the types of neuroglia

Back 130

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

Front 131

What are the two types of glands?

Back 131

endocrine and exocrine

Front 132

Give an example of exocrine cells

Back 132

goblet cells

Front 133

Where do endocrine glands secrete their product[s]?

Back 133

directly into interstitial fluid which diffuses into the bloodstream

Front 134

Which organs have both types of glands?

Back 134

pancreas, ovaries, testes

Front 135

Name the major endocrine glands

Back 135

pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testis

Front 136

Name the major exocrine glands

Back 136

mammary, liver, bile duct, pancreatic duct

Front 137

What do endocrine glands secrete? Exocrine glands?

Back 137

hormones
digestive juices, other products

Front 138

What are the four types of membranes?

Back 138

Mucosa, serous, cutaneous and synovial

Front 139

What are the functions of mucosa?

Back 139

pathogen trap
gas exchange
nutrient absorption

Front 140

Mucosa lines a cavity that opens _____________________.

Back 140

directly to the exterior

Front 141

Where are mucous membranes found?

Back 141

nostrils, mouth, lips, eyelids, ears, genital area, anus

Front 142

What are the function of the epithelial layer of mucosa?

Back 142

barrier (esp. microbes)
no leaking (tight junctions)
mucous (goblet cells)
digestion (enzymes)

Front 143

What is the purpose of areolar connective tissue (lamina propria) in a mucous membrane?

Back 143

supports and binds epithelium, protection, vascular source

Front 144

Serosa lines a cavity _________________________.

Back 144

that does not open to the exterior

Front 145

Name organs protected by serosa

Back 145

lungs, heart, stomach, intestines

Front 146

What does a serous membrane consist of?

Back 146

areolar connective tissue
mesothelium

Front 147

what does mesothelium secrete?

Back 147

serous fluid

Front 148

What are the layers of a serous membrane?

Back 148

parietal - lines cavity
visceral - lines organ

Front 149

Which membrane type lacks an epithelial layer?

Back 149

synovial

Front 150

What does a synovial membrane consist of?

Back 150

synoviocytes, which secrete some of the components of synovial fluid

Front 151

Superficial skin is called?
Deeper skin is called?

Back 151

epidermis
dermis

Front 152

What type of membrane is skin?

Back 152

cutaneous