A&p Marieb Ch18

Front 1

In anatomical terms, where is the heart located?

Back 1

It lies in the mediastinum just below the body of the sternum between points of attachment of the second through sixth ribs. Approximately two thirds of the heart’s mass is to the left of the midline of the body and one third is to the right

Front 2

Describe the shape of the heart.

Back 2

In the adult the shape of the heart tends to resemble that of the chest. In tall, thin individuals the heart is frequently described as elongated, whereas in short, stocky individuals it has greater width and is described as transverse. In individuals of average height and weight it is neither long nor transverse but somewhat intermediate between the two

Front 3

When does the heart attain its adult shape and weight?

Back 3

Between puberty and 25 years of age the heart attains its adult shape and weight—about 310 g is average for the male and 225 g for the female

Front 4

What provides lubrication & protection against friction?

Back 4

The fibrous pericardial sac with its smooth, well-lubricated lining

Front 5

Name the layers of tissues that make up the pericardium.

Back 5

Fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layers)

Front 6

What is the function of the pericardium?

Back 6

The pericardium provides protection against friction by producing a lubricating serous fluid

Front 7

Name the three layers of tissue that make up the wall of the heart. What is the function of each layer?

Back 7

Epicardium: protection. Myocardium: contraction. Endocardium: lining of the interior of the myocardial wall. Covers the trabeculae

Front 8

Name the four chambers of the heart and the valves associated with them.

Back 8

Right atrium: tricuspid valve. Right ventricle: tricuspid and pulmonary semilunar valves. Left atrium: bicuspid valve. Left ventricle: bicuspid valve and aortic semilunar valve.

Front 9

How do atrioventricular valves differ from semilunar valves?

Back 9

Atrioventricular valves consist of two or three (cusps) of endocardium. Semilunar valves consist of half-moon flaps growing out from the lining of the pulmonary artery and aorta

Front 10

Briefly describe the general structure and the function of the coronary circulation. Why is an understanding of the coronary circulation so critical to understanding major types of heart disease?

Back 10

Myocardial cells receive blood by way of the right and left coronary arteries. They branch off of the aorta at its very beginning and are its first branches. After blood has passed through capillary beds in the myocardium, it enters a series of cardiac veins before draining into the right atrium through a common venous channel called the coronary sinus. More than a half million Americans die every year from coronary disease, and another 3.5 million or more are estimated to suffer some degree of incapacitation. Knowledge about the distribution of coronary artery branches therefore has the utmost practical importance

Front 11

What is meant by the term conduction system of the heart?

Back 11

The conduction system of the heart refers to the structures that initiate and maintain a rhythmic heartbeat.

Front 12

What is a myocardial infarction?

Back 12

Myocardial infarction is the death of ischemic heart muscle cells

Front 13

Name the three major types of blood vessels.

Back 13

Artery, vein, capillary.

Front 14

What changes in the circulatory system occur at the time of birth?

Back 14

21. The placenta is shed from the body with part of the umbilical vessels attached. The sections of these vessels become fibrous cords. The ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum. The foramen ovale normally becomes functionally closed soon after a newborn takes the first breath. It will become the fossa ovalis. The ductus arteriosus contracts as soon as respiration is established. It becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.

Front 15

What is the function of the placenta and umbilical vessels?

Back 15

20. Placenta: structure attached to uterine wall that facilitates the exchange of oxygen and other substances between maternal and fetal blood. Umbilical vessels: (veins) return oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus; (arteries) carry fetal blood to the placenta

Front 16

Name some structures of the fetal circulation that do not occur in the adult.

Back 16

ductus arterious- duct in fetus connecting pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. closes at birth and turns into ligamentum arteriosum

Front 17

What are the advantages of a portal circulation through the liver?

Back 17

18. Excess glucose is removed from the blood and stored in liver cells as glycogen to be used later. Also, toxic molecules such as alcohol can be partially removed or detoxified before the blood is distributed to the rest of the body.

Front 18

How are systemic arteries and veins usually named?

Back 18

17. Systemic arteries and veins are generally named according to their anatomical position, relation to regions, and adjacent organs.

Front 19

What is the function of arterial anastomoses? What is the function of venous anastomoses?

Back 19

16. Arterial anastomoses provide detour routes for blood to travel in the event of obstruction of a main artery. The incidence of arterial anastomoses increases as distance from the heart increases, and smaller branches tend to anastomose more often than larger vessels. Veins anastomose with each other in the same way as arteries. Venous anastomoses provide for collateral return blood flow in cases of venous obstruction.

Front 20

What is the difference between the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation.

Back 20

15. Pulmonary circulation moves blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation blood flows from the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart.

Front 21

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 21

membrane that surrounds the heart

Front 22

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 22

blood flow from the right ventricle to the lung and returning to the left atrium

Front 23

Systematic Circulation

Back 23

blood flow from the left ventricle to all parts of the body and back to the right atrium

Front 24

Vein

Back 24

vessel carrying blood from capillaries toward the heart

Front 25

Ventricle

Back 25

a cavity, such as the large, fluid-filled spaces within the brain or the chambers of the heart

Front 26

Venule

Back 26

small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and join to form veins

Front 27

Anastomosis

Back 27

connection between vessels that allows collateral circulation

Front 28

How does the structure of each major type of vessel differ from the other types?

Back 28

The walls of the arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thicker in arteries. The inner layer of the veins contains valves. The capillaries have only one layer (endothelium).

Front 29

Arteriole

Back 29

Small branch of an artery

Front 30

How does the function of capillaries relate to the structure of their walls?

Back 30

14. The thinness of the capillary wall permits ease of transport across the vessel wall.

Front 31

Artery

Back 31

vessel carrying blood away from the heart

Front 32

Atrium

Back 32

one of the upper chambers of the heart; receives blood from either the systemic or pulmonary circulation

Front 33

Capillary

Back 33

tiny vessels that connect arterioles and venules; gas exchange from blood to tissues occurs in capillaries

Front 34

Endocardium

Back 34

endothelial tissue lining the inner surfaces of the heart

Front 35

Endothelium

Back 35

squamous epithelial cells that line the inner surface of the entire circulatory system and the vessels of the lymphatic system

Front 36

Myocardium

Back 36

muscle of the heart

Front 37

Pericardium

Back 37

serous layers that surround the heart. consists of the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium or epicardium