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AP Lit & Lang Terms

Ap Lit & Lang Terms

by katieexline, Jul. 2014

Subjects: Rhetorical/Literary Device Terms, Definitions, Examples

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antagonist	The character who opposes the interests of the protagonist.	Ex. In The Lord of the Rings, Tolien creats Lord Sauron as the __________ to Frodo.
antanaclasis	Repetition of a word in two different senses.	Ex. If we do not hang together, we will hang separately.
anticipated objection	The technique a writer or speaker uses in an argumentative text to address and answer objections, even though the audience has not had the opportunity to voice these objections.	Ex. "You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea, and air... You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory." (Winston Churchill)
antimetabole	The repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order.	Ex. One should eat to live, not live to eat.
apostrophe	The direct address of an absent person or personified object as if he/she/it is able to reply.	Ex. "O' Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?" (William Shakespeare)
appeal to authority	In a text, the reference to words, action, or beliefs of a person in authority as a means of supporting a claim, generalization, or conclusion.	Ex. Isaac Newton was a genius and he believed in God. Therefore, God must exist.
appeal to emotion	The appeal of a text to the feelings or interests of the audience.	Ex. If you don't graduate from high school, you will always be poor.
argument by analysis	An arguement developed by breaking the subject matter into its component parts.	Ex. The Virginians failed miserably at initial colonization and suffered through disease, war, and famine because of their high expectations and greed, which also molded their colony socially and economically.
Bombast	inflated or extravagant language
deus ex machine	a person or thing (as in fiction or drama) that appears or is introduced suddenly and unexpectedly and provides a contrived solution to an apparently insoluble difficulty
Logical fallacies	errors in reasoning	Once familiar with them, you can identify ____ ____ in others' arguments, avoid using them in your own writing, or maybe use them to your advantage to convince others of something.
Post hoc fallacy	Just because Event A happened before Event B, you assume that Event A caused Event B.
Non sequitur fallacy	This is an even more illogical connection of cause/effect, in which Event A clearly has nothing to do with Event B. The evidence offered does not support the conclusion that is reached.
Ad hominem argument	You attack the person instead of the person's argument or point of view on a subject.	Ex. "That's what abortion is- killing innocent humans for money. Abortionists are govt. licensed hit men." -Charley Reese, The Daily Iberian, Nov. 20, 1998. (Reese resorts to name-calling, rather than seriously addressing the question of whether abortion is morally permitted, when he claims that abortionists are "govt.-licensed hit men." Thus, Reese commits an ad hominem fallacy.)
Appeal to questionable or faulty authority	citing an authority who may not have expertise on the subject or using phrasing like "Sources close to..." or "Experts claim..."
Begging the question	Asking the reader to assume that something is true without proving it first- especially flawed if that "something" is controversial.
False analogy	You assume that because two things share some characteristics, they are alike in all respects.
Either/Or Fallacy	You assume that taking a certain viewpoint or course of action will result in one of two diametrically opposed outcomes (no other outcomes possible).
Red herring argument	You intentionally digress from the real issue being discussed, introducing a side issue that has nothing to do with the real issue under discussion- in an attempt to remove attention from the real issue.
Sweeping or hasty generalization	Youve reached a conclusion based on only a little evidence that might be relevant but is not typical.
Card stacking	If someone says, "The cards were stacked against me," the speaker is saying he/she was never given a fair chance. This is a complicated one- one side may distort evidence or facts presented, suppress evidence, oversimplify or even suppress facts, etc.
Straw Man	A misrepresentation of the opponent's view; making claims that no one actually believes to be true.	(Claim by Rush Limbaugh) "I'm a very controversial figure to the animal rights movement. They no doubt view me with some measure of hostility because I am constantly challenging their fundamental premise that animals are superior to human beings." If this is followed with the argument that animals are not superior to human beings, and thus the animal rights movement is misguided, then we have an example of a straw man fallacy. The straw man is the misrepresentation of animal rights activists as holding the view that animals are superior to human beings: virtually no animal rights activists hold this view.
asyndeton	The omission of conjunctions between related clauses.	Ex. "This is the villain among you who deceived you, who cheated you, who meant to betray you completely." (Aristotle)
polysyndeton	The use of several conjunctions
denotation	the dictionary defintion of a word
compound subject	A sentence in which two or more nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses constitute the grammatical subject of a clause	Ex. The dog and the cat scurried away from the approaching car.
confirmation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker or writer could offer proof or demonstration of the central idea.	Ex. In Julius Caesar's speech, the confirmation was scattered throughout.
conflict	The struggle of characters with themselves, with others, or with the world around them.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, migrants conflict with property owners.
connotation	The implied meaning of a word, in contrast to its direcly expressed "dictionary meaning."	Ex. Home literally means one's house, but implies feelings of family and security.
effect	The emotional or psychological impact a text has on a reader or listener.	Ex. The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, causes the reader to have sumpathy for migrant workers.
ellipsis	The omission of words, the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of a passage.	Ex. "Medical thinking... stressed air as the communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carriers." (Tuchman)
epanalepsis	Repitition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause.	Ex. Blood hath brough blood.
epithet	A word or phrase adding a characteristic to a person's name.	Ex. Alexander the Great
figurative language	Language dominated by the use of schemes and tropes.	Ex. "The ground is thirsty and hungry."
flashback	A part of the plot that moves back in time and then returns to the present.	Ex. In Oedipus Rex, both Oedipus and Iocaste recall previous events.
generalization	A point that a speaker or writer generations on the basis of considering a numver of particular examples.	Ex. "All French people are rude."
genre	A piece of writing classified by type.	Ex. Science Fiction
irony	Writing or speaking that implies the contrary of what is actually written or spoken.	Ex 1. "Of course I believe you," Joe said sarcastically. Ex 2. "I can't describe to you how surprised I was to find out I loved her... I even hoped for a while that she'd throw me over" (Fitzgerald 157).
narration	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker provided background information on the topic.	Ex. Julius Caesar used narration in many of his speeches.
pace	The speed with which a plot moves from one event to another.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck paces the story somewhat slowly, interspersing it with main-idea chapters.
parallelism	A set of similarly structured words, phrases, or clauses that appears in a sentence or paragraph.	Ex 1. The dog ran, stumbled, and fell. Ex 2. "After two years I remember the rest of that day, and that night and the next day..." (Fitzgerald 17).
parenthesis	An insertion of material that interrupts the typical flow of a sentence.	Ex. The dog (which was black) ran, stumbled, and fell.
periodic sentence	A sentence with modifying elements included before the verb and/or complement.	Ex. "John, the tough one, the sullen kid who scoffed at any show of sentiment, gave his mother flowers."
scheme	An artful variation from typical formation and arrangement of words or sentences.	Ex. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
anecdote	A brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience's attention or to support a generalization of claim.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assitant manager in a brown stached and ironed uniform, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
compound sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses.	Ex. Canada is a rich country, but it still has many poor people.
conclusion (of syllogism)	The ultimate point or generalization that a syllogism expresses.	Ex. All mortals die. All men are mortals. All men die.
contraction	The combination of two words into one by eliminating one or more sounds and indicating the omission with an apostrophe.	Ex. "Do not" becomes "don't." "Should have" becomes "should've."
contraries	See contradiction.	Ex. The book is red. The book is not green. If the book is red, then the book is not green. If the book is not red, then the book may be green.
data (as evidence)	Facts, statistics, and examples that a speaker or writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, or conclusion.	Ex. Conserve electricity. 42% of America's carbon dioxide emissions come from electricity generation.
deductive reasoning	Reasoning that begins with a general principle and concludes with a specific instance that demonstrates the general principle.	Ex. "Gravity makes things fall. The apple that hit my head was due to gravity."
efferent reading	Reading to garner information from a text.	Ex. For history, I perform efferent reading of the textbook.
enthymeme	Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated.	Ex. We cannot trust this man, for he has perjured himself in the past. (Missing: Those who perjure themselves cannot be trusted.)
euphemism	An indirect expression of unpleasant information in such way as to lessen its impact.	Ex 1. "Passed away" for "died." Ex 2. "You see, I carry on a little business on the side, a sort of a sideline, you understand" (Fitzgerald 87).
image	A passage of text that evokes sensation or emotional intensity.	Ex. "Waves crashing on the ocean look like knives."
inference	A conclusion that a reader or listener reaches by means of his or her own thinking rather than by being told directly by a text.	Ex. I infer that America became isolationist during the 1920s because of the horrors of World War I.
narrative intrusion	A comment that is made directly to the reader by breaking into the forward plot movement.	Ex. Narrator: The dog ran very fast across the street, dodging two cars.
point of view	The perspective or source of a piece of writing. First-person: uses "I" Third-person: doesn't use "I"	Ex. The Great Gatsby is written in first-person _____ __ ____.
ratio	Combination of two or more elements in a dramatistic pentad in order to invent material.
rhetorical choices	The particular choices a writer or speaker makes to achieve meaning, purpose, or effect.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby chooses to use imagery, similes, and metaphors often.
stock settings	Stereotypical time and place settings that let readers know a text's genre immediately.	Ex. For science, fiction, if the text takes place in the future, on another planet, or in another universe.
alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words.	Ex. "To make a man to meet the moral need/ A man to match the mountains and the sea" (Edwin Markham)
anadiplosis	The repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause.	Ex. "Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or state; servants of fame; and servants of business." (Francis Bacon)
anaphora	The repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses.	Ex. "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence..." (Winston Churchill)
antecedent-consequence relationship	The relationship expressed by "if...then" reasoning.	Ex. If industries poison rivers with pollutants, then many fish will die.
anthimeria	The substitution of one part of speech for another.	Ex. "The thunder would not peace at my bidding." (William Shakespeare)
appeal	One of three strategies for persuading audiences: logos- appeal to reason pathos- appeal to emotion ethos- appeal to ethics	Ex. "I elicited the anger of some of the most aggressive teenagers in mu high school. A couple of nights later, a car pulled up in front of my house, and the angry teenagers in the car dumped garbage on the lawn of my house as an act of revenge and intimidation." (James Garbarino)
appositive	A noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplifies its meaning.	Ex. Orion, my orange cat, is sitting on the couch.
argument	A carefully contructed, well-supported representation of how a writer sees an issue, problem, or subject.	Ex. The Patriots prevailed over the Loyalists, who they vilently persecuted due to their conflicting position, both betrayed the African slaves to temporarily holster their military.
Aristotelian triangle	A diagram showing the relations of writer or speaker, audience (reader or listener), and text in a rhetorical situation.
canon	One of the traditional elements of rhetorical composition- invention, arrangement, style, memory, or delivery.	Ex. Frederick Douglass's style (one aspect of canon) is both objective and subjective.
dramatic narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer does not have access to the unspoken thoughts of any character.
dynamic character	One who changes during the course of the narrative.	Ex. Romeo is a dynamic character in Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare.
evidence	The facts, statistics, anecdotes, and examples that a speaker or writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, or conclusion.	Ex. "Recent studies in the brain chemistry of rats show that when they play, their brains release large amount of dopamine..." (Rifkin)
metonymy	An entity referred to by one of its attributes or associations.	Ex. "The press" for the news media.
symbol	In a text, an element that stands for more than itself and, therefore, helps to convey a theme of the text.	Ex 1. Purple symbolizes royalty. Ex 2. East Egg in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald symbolizes the "old rich."
tautology	A group of words that merely repeats the meaning already conveyed.	Ex. "If you don't get any better, then you'll never improve."
thesis	The mainidea in a text, often the main generalization, conclusion, or claim.	Ex. Thecorruption of America's rich in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
thesis statement	A single sentence that states a text's thesis, usually somewhere near the beginning.	Ex. "Sweatt v. Painter advanced equality by ultimately improving African American educational rights, thus transforming American democracy for a better today. "
topic	A place where writers go to discover methods for proff and strategies for presenation of ideas.	Ex. Gun control laws, the environment, or communism.
trope	An artful variation from expected modes of expression of thoughts and ideas.	Ex. Pun or metonymy
voice	The textual features, such as diction and sentence structure, that convey a writer's or speaker's persona.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald's voice is made up of mystery.
writing process	The acts a writer goes through, often recursively, to complete a piece of writing: inventing, investigating, planning, drafting, consulting, revising, and editing.	Ex. I used this to write my research paper.
audience	The person or persons who listen to a spoken text or read a written one and are capable of responding to it.	Ex. The audience of Michael Chabon's lecture at the Mondavi Center was composed of many Oak Ridge students.
chiasmus	Inverted relationship between two elements in two parallel phrases.	Ex. "To stop too fearful and too faint to go."
claim	The ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point that a syllogism or enthymeme expresses. The point, backed up by support, of an argument.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck's claim was that the poor are wrongly mistreated.
climax	The arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing numver or importance.	Ex. "He risked truth, he risked, honor, he risked, fame, he risked all that men hold dear,--yea, he risked life itself..."
climbing the ladder	A term referring to the scheme of climax.	Ex. See climax.
isocolon	Parallel elements that are similar in structure and in length.	Ex. "... to impress the ignorant, to perplex the dubious, and to confound the scrupulous..."
mnemonic device	A systematic aid to memory.	Ex. "Roy G. Biv" for the colors of the rainbow.
onomatopoeia	A literary device in which the sound of a word is related to its meaning.	Ex. Words like "bang," and "click"
simple sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and no dependent clause.	Ex. The dog ran.
allegory	An extended metaphor.	Ex 1. "During the time I have voyaged on this ship, I have avoided the cabin; rather, I have remained on deck, battered by wind and rain, but able to see moonlight..." Ex 2. "This is a valley of ashes-- a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens, where ashes take forms of houses and...of men..." (Fitzgerald 27).
allusion	A reference in a written or spoken text to another text or to some particular body of knowledge.	Ex 1. "I doubt if Phaethon feared more -- that time/ he dropped the sun-reins of his father's chariot/ and burned the streak of sky we see today" (Dante's Inferno). Ex 2. "Have you read 'The Rise of the Coloured Empires' by the man Goddard?" (Fitzgerald 17).
anastrophe	Inversion or reversal of the usual order of words.	Ex. Echoed the hills.
anthimeria	The substitution of one part of speech for another.	Ex. The thunder would not peace at my bidding.
antithesis	The juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas, often in parallel structure.	Ex 1. "Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue." (Barry Goldwater) Ex 2. "...found her lying on her bed as lovely as the June night in her flowered dress-- and as drunk as a monkey" (Fitzgerald 81).
cacophony	words that create harsh, unpleasant sounds
euphony	words, or a combination of words, that create harmonious sounds.
synthesasia	a combination of the senses
flat character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed.	Ex. Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen.
Paralipsis	Irony in which one proposes to pass over a matter, but subtly reveals it.	Ex. "She is talented, not to mention rich."
Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	Ex. Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.
Sarcasm	1. a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain 2. a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic
Satire	The use of irony or ridicule in exposing vice, folly, etc.
Setting	The context--including time and place--of a narrative.	Ex. The area surrounding New York City in the 1920s is the setting of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Sharing	A system calling for writers to read or listen to one another's work and suggest ways to improve it.	Ex. In AP US History, we peer reviewed each other's take home DBQs.
Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word like or as.	Ex. "There was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away" (Fitzgerald 2).
Syllogism	Logical reasoning from an inarguable premises.	Ex. All mortal die. All humans are mortal. All humans die.
Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole.	Ex. "The hired hands are not doing their jobs."
Syntax	The order of words in a sentence.	Ex. "The dog ran" not "the ran dog."
format	The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a written text.	Ex. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a format for research papers.
Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work.	Ex. The decline of the American dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject mater.	Ex. Light-hearted in the Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon.
Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point.	Ex. "I think there's a problem between Shias and Sunnis."
Unity	The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and achieves one major purpose or effect.	Ex. Pride by Dagoberto Gilbe
Unreliable Narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	Ex. The people at Gatsby's parties like Jordan who spread rumors about Gatsby's past.
Verisimilitude	The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience.	Ex. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon has medium verisimilitude.
Zeugma	A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning.	Ex. He governs his will and his kingdom.
Aesthetic Reading	Reading to experience the world of the text.	Ex. One often reads John Steinbeck's novels, like the Grapes of Wrath, to experience the detailed settings.
Anachronism	Either an action, character or thing misplaced in time.
Apposition	Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference the same thing.	Ex. I know the dog Toto.
hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect.	Ex 1. "I told you a billion times not to exaggerate." Ex 2. "...we scattered light through half Astoria..." (Fitzgerald 72).
Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.	Ex. In essays, writers often strategically arrange their essays into paragraphs and order their points from most convincing to least.
Archetype	Original (first)
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.	Ex. "Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies" (John Keats)
Assumption	An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker think the audience holds.	Ex. "We think a problem is weakness, mental laziness, intellectual inflation, but an issue is deep-rooted, interior, and personal." (Allison Amend)
Attitude	In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried out.	Ex. "Truth be told, we have replaced problem with issue in our vocabulary. And issue is a euphemism." (Allison Amend)
Auxesis	Magnifying the importance or gravity of something by referring to it with a disproportionate name.	Ex. Calling a scratch on the arm a wound.
Bathos	Insincere or overdone sentimentality/pathos.
Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	Ex. This painting is horrible because it is obviously worthless.
Casual Relationship	The relationship expressing, "if X is the cause, then Y is the effect," or, "if Y is the effect, then X caused it."	Ex. If the dog runs away, then the boy will be sad.
Character	A personage in a narrative.	Ex. Romeo was a character in Romeo and Juliete
loose sentence	A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement.	Ex. "Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news."
Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it rains.
Compound-Complex Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
Conceit	Fairly elaborate figurative device which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or oxymoron (essentially an extended analogy or comparison incorporating figurative devices).
Context	The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.	Ex. Kate Chopin lived in the late 1800s in Southern America as feminist. This background formed the foundation of The Awakening.
Contradiction	One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. ______ urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.	Ex. "If war is the cause of our misery, peace is the way to promote our happiness.
Denotation	The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning.	Ex. A house is literally a dwelling usually for a family.
Descriptive Writing	Writing that relies on sensory images to characterize a person or place.	Ex. "so much depends/ upon/ the red wheel/ barrow/ glazed with rain/ water/ beside the white/ chickens" (William Carlos Williams)
Dialect	The describable patterns of language-- grammar and vocabulary-- used by a particular culture or ethnic population.	Ex. A caribbean dialect is often "sing-songish" and leaves out words from sentences.
dialogue	Conversation between and among characters.	Ex. "Jim, I don't get it," Blair said. Jim raised an eyebrow. "Don't get what?"
diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.	Ex. Using "issue" instead of "problem."
meiosis	Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater esteem for it.	Ex. Calling an act of arson a prank.
double entendre	The double meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.	Ex 1. "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!" (Shelley). Ex 2. "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).
drafting	The process by which writers get something written on paper or in a computer file so they can develop their ideas and begin moving toward an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what will become the final product.	Ex. For the research paper, we will have to revise and ____ many times to perfect our papers.
dramatic monologue	A type of poem, popular primarily in the nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an assumed group of listeners.	Ex. In "My Last Duchess," by Robert Browning, shows off a painting of his late wife and reveals his cruelty to her.
elegy	Poem written that often contains elements of lament and mourning for someone/something.
homily	Either a sermon delivered to a congregation or a written work of admonitory fashion edifying the reader morally.
epistrophe	The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses.	Ex. "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." (Emerson)
erotema	Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely, not for an answer.	Ex. "How much longer must our people endure this injustice?"
ethos	the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	Ex. If you don't graduate from high school, you will always be poor.
exaggeration	an overstatement	Ex. The Matrix is the best movie ever made.
metaphor	An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.	Ex. "No man is an island" (Donne).
Malaproprism	using words, particularly polysyllabic words, incorrectly
oxymoron	Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings.	Ex. "O miserable abundance! O beggarly riches!" (Donne).
Paradox	a contradictory statement or contradictory ideas, but upon close inspection, seems to contain a truth
Parody	the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of author in such a way as to make them ridiculous
flat character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed.	Ex. Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen.
Paralipsis	Irony in which one proposes to pass over a matter, but subtly reveals it.	Ex. "She is talented, not to mention rich."
Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	Ex. Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.
Sarcasm	1. a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain 2. a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic
Satire	The use of irony or ridicule in exposing vice, folly, etc.
Setting	The context--including time and place--of a narrative.	Ex. The area surrounding New York City in the 1920s is the setting of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Sharing	A system calling for writers to read or listen to one another's work and suggest ways to improve it.	Ex. In AP US History, we peer reviewed each other's take home DBQs.
Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word like or as.	Ex. "There was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away" (Fitzgerald 2).
Syllogism	Logical reasoning from an inarguable premises.	Ex. All mortal die. All humans are mortal. All humans die.
Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole.	Ex. "The hired hands are not doing their jobs."
Syntax	The order of words in a sentence.	Ex. "The dog ran" not "the ran dog."
format	The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a written text.	Ex. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a format for research papers.
Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work.	Ex. The decline of the American dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject mater.	Ex. Light-hearted in the Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon.
Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point.	Ex. "I think there's a problem between Shias and Sunnis."
Unity	The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and achieves one major purpose or effect.	Ex. Pride by Dagoberto Gilbe
Unreliable Narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	Ex. The people at Gatsby's parties like Jordan who spread rumors about Gatsby's past.
Verisimilitude	The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience.	Ex. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon has medium verisimilitude.
Zeugma	A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning.	Ex. He governs his will and his kingdom.

	Either an action, character or thing misplaced in time.
N	Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference the same thing.	Ex. I know the dog Toto.
hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect.	Ex 1. "I told you a billion times not to exaggerate." Ex 2. "...we scattered light through half Astoria..." (Fitzgerald 72).
Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.	Ex. In essays, writers often strategically arrange their essays into paragraphs and order their points from most convincing to least.
Archetype	Original (first)
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.	Ex. "Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies" (John Keats)
Assumption	An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker think the audience holds.	Ex. "We think a problem is weakness, mental laziness, intellectual inflation, but an issue is deep-rooted, interior, and personal." (Allison Amend)
Attitude	In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried out.	Ex. "Truth be told, we have replaced problem with issue in our vocabulary. And issue is a euphemism." (Allison Amend)
Auxesis	Magnifying the importance or gravity of something by referring to it with a disproportionate name.	Ex. Calling a scratch on the arm a wound.
Bathos	Insincere or overdone sentimentality/pathos.
Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	Ex. This painting is horrible because it is obviously worthless.
Casual Relationship	The relationship expressing, "if X is the cause, then Y is the effect," or, "if Y is the effect, then X caused it."	Ex. If the dog runs away, then the boy will be sad.
Character	A personage in a narrative.	Ex. Romeo was a character in Romeo and Juliete
loose sentence	A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement.	Ex. "Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news."
Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it rains.
Compound-Complex Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
Conceit	Fairly elaborate figurative device which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or oxymoron (essentially an extended analogy or comparison incorporating figurative devices).
Context	The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.	Ex. Kate Chopin lived in the late 1800s in Southern America as feminist. This background formed the foundation of The Awakening.
Contradiction	One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. ______ urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.	Ex. "If war is the cause of our misery, peace is the way to promote our happiness.
Denotation	The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning.	Ex. A house is literally a dwelling usually for a family.
Descriptive Writing	Writing that relies on sensory images to characterize a person or place.	Ex. "so much depends/ upon/ the red wheel/ barrow/ glazed with rain/ water/ beside the white/ chickens" (William Carlos Williams)
Dialect	The describable patterns of language-- grammar and vocabulary-- used by a particular culture or ethnic population.	Ex. A caribbean dialect is often "sing-songish" and leaves out words from sentences.
dialogue	Conversation between and among characters.	Ex. "Jim, I don't get it," Blair said. Jim raised an eyebrow. "Don't get what?"
diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.	Ex. Using "issue" instead of "problem."
meiosis	Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater esteem for it.	Ex. Calling an act of arson a prank.
double entendre	The double meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.	Ex 1. "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!" (Shelley). Ex 2. "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).
drafting	The process by which writers get something written on paper or in a computer file so they can develop their ideas and begin moving toward an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what will become the final product.	Ex. For the research paper, we will have to revise and ____ many times to perfect our papers.
dramatic monologue	A type of poem, popular primarily in the nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an assumed group of listeners.	Ex. In "My Last Duchess," by Robert Browning, shows off a painting of his late wife and reveals his cruelty to her.
elegy	Poem written that often contains elements of lament and mourning for someone/something.
homily	Either a sermon delivered to a congregation or a written work of admonitory fashion edifying the reader morally.
epistrophe	The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses.	Ex. "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." (Emerson)
erotema	Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely, not for an answer.	Ex. "How much longer must our people endure this injustice?"
ethos	the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	Ex. If you don't graduate from high school, you will always be poor.
exaggeration	an overstatement	Ex. The Matrix is the best movie ever made.
example	An anecdote or a narrative offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point.	Ex. Animals have more intelligence than imagined. "On human IQ tests, she (a gorilla named Koko) scores between 70 and 95." (Rifkin)
metaphor	An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.	Ex. "No man is an island" (Donne).
Malaproprism	using words, particularly polysyllabic words, incorrectly
oxymoron	Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings.	Ex. "O miserable abundance! O beggarly riches!" (Donne).
Paradox	a contradictory statement or contradictory ideas, but upon close inspection, seems to contain a truth
Parody	the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of author in such a way as to make them ridiculous
flat character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed.	Ex. Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen.
Paralipsis	Irony in which one proposes to pass over a matter, but subtly reveals it.	Ex. "She is talented, not to mention rich."
Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	Ex. Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.
Sarcasm	1. a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain 2. a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic
Satire	The use of irony or ridicule in exposing vice, folly, etc.
Setting	The context--including time and place--of a narrative.	Ex. The area surrounding New York City in the 1920s is the setting of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Sharing	A system calling for writers to read or listen to one another's work and suggest ways to improve it.	Ex. In AP US History, we peer reviewed each other's take home DBQs.
Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word like or as.	Ex. "There was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away" (Fitzgerald 2).
Syllogism	Logical reasoning from an inarguable premises.	Ex. All mortal die. All humans are mortal. All humans die.
Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole.	Ex. "The hired hands are not doing their jobs."
Syntax	The order of words in a sentence.	Ex. "The dog ran" not "the ran dog."
format	The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a written text.	Ex. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a format for research papers.
Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work.	Ex. The decline of the American dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject mater.	Ex. Light-hearted in the Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon.
Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point.	Ex. "I think there's a problem between Shias and Sunnis."
Unity	The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and achieves one major purpose or effect.	Ex. Pride by Dagoberto Gilbe
Unreliable Narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	Ex. The people at Gatsby's parties like Jordan who spread rumors about Gatsby's past.
Verisimilitude	The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience.	Ex. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon has medium verisimilitude.
Zeugma	A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning.	Ex. He governs his will and his kingdom.

	Either an action, character or thing misplaced in time.
	Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference the same thing.	Ex. I know the dog Toto.
hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect.	Ex 1. "I told you a billion times not to exaggerate." Ex 2. "...we scattered light through half Astoria..." (Fitzgerald 72).
Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.	Ex. In essays, writers often strategically arrange their essays into paragraphs and order their points from most convincing to least.
Archetype	Original (first)
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.	Ex. "Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies" (John Keats)
Assumption	An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker think the audience holds.	Ex. "We think a problem is weakness, mental laziness, intellectual inflation, but an issue is deep-rooted, interior, and personal." (Allison Amend)
Attitude	In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried out.	Ex. "Truth be told, we have replaced problem with issue in our vocabulary. And issue is a euphemism." (Allison Amend)
Auxesis	Magnifying the importance or gravity of something by referring to it with a disproportionate name.	Ex. Calling a scratch on the arm a wound.
Bathos	Insincere or overdone sentimentality/pathos.
Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	Ex. This painting is horrible because it is obviously worthless.
Casual Relationship	The relationship expressing, "if X is the cause, then Y is the effect," or, "if Y is the effect, then X caused it."	Ex. If the dog runs away, then the boy will be sad.
Character	A personage in a narrative.	Ex. Romeo was a character in Romeo and Juliete
loose sentence	A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement.	Ex. "Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news."
Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it rains.
Compound-Complex Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
Conceit	Fairly elaborate figurative device which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or oxymoron (essentially an extended analogy or comparison incorporating figurative devices).
Context	The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.	Ex. Kate Chopin lived in the late 1800s in Southern America as feminist. This background formed the foundation of The Awakening.
Contradiction	One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. ______ urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.	Ex. "If war is the cause of our misery, peace is the way to promote our happiness.
Denotation	The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning.	Ex. A house is literally a dwelling usually for a family.
Descriptive Writing	Writing that relies on sensory images to characterize a person or place.	Ex. "so much depends/ upon/ the red wheel/ barrow/ glazed with rain/ water/ beside the white/ chickens" (William Carlos Williams)
Dialect	The describable patterns of language-- grammar and vocabulary-- used by a particular culture or ethnic population.	Ex. A caribbean dialect is often "sing-songish" and leaves out words from sentences.
dialogue	Conversation between and among characters.	Ex. "Jim, I don't get it," Blair said. Jim raised an eyebrow. "Don't get what?"
diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.	Ex. Using "issue" instead of "problem."
meiosis	Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater esteem for it.	Ex. Calling an act of arson a prank.
double entendre	The double meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.	Ex 1. "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!" (Shelley). Ex 2. "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).
drafting	The process by which writers get something written on paper or in a computer file so they can develop their ideas and begin moving toward an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what will become the final product.	Ex. For the research paper, we will have to revise and ____ many times to perfect our papers.
dramatic monologue	A type of poem, popular primarily in the nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an assumed group of listeners.	Ex. In "My Last Duchess," by Robert Browning, shows off a painting of his late wife and reveals his cruelty to her.
elegy	Poem written that often contains elements of lament and mourning for someone/something.
homily	Either a sermon delivered to a congregation or a written work of admonitory fashion edifying the reader morally.
epistrophe	The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses.	Ex. "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." (Emerson)
erotema	Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely, not for an answer.	Ex. "How much longer must our people endure this injustice?"
ethos	the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	Ex. If you don't graduate from high school, you will always be poor.
exaggeration	an overstatement	Ex. The Matrix is the best movie ever made.
example	An anecdote or a narrative offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point.	Ex. Animals have more intelligence than imagined. "On human IQ tests, she (a gorilla named Koko) scores between 70 and 95." (Rifkin)
metaphor	An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.	Ex. "No man is an island" (Donne).
explication	To give a detailed explanation of something; analyze
Malaproprism	using words, particularly polysyllabic words, incorrectly
oxymoron	Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings.	Ex. "O miserable abundance! O beggarly riches!" (Donne).
Paradox	a contradictory statement or contradictory ideas, but upon close inspection, seems to contain a truth
Parody	the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of author in such a way as to make them ridiculous
flat character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed.	Ex. Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen.
Paralipsis	Irony in which one proposes to pass over a matter, but subtly reveals it.	Ex. "She is talented, not to mention rich."
Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	Ex. Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.
Sarcasm	1. a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain 2. a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic
Satire	The use of irony or ridicule in exposing vice, folly, etc.
Setting	The context--including time and place--of a narrative.	Ex. The area surrounding New York City in the 1920s is the setting of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Sharing	A system calling for writers to read or listen to one another's work and suggest ways to improve it.	Ex. In AP US History, we peer reviewed each other's take home DBQs.
Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word like or as.	Ex. "There was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away" (Fitzgerald 2).
Syllogism	Logical reasoning from an inarguable premises.	Ex. All mortal die. All humans are mortal. All humans die.
Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole.	Ex. "The hired hands are not doing their jobs."
Syntax	The order of words in a sentence.	Ex. "The dog ran" not "the ran dog."
format	The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a written text.	Ex. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a format for research papers.
Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work.	Ex. The decline of the American dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject mater.	Ex. Light-hearted in the Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon.
Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point.	Ex. "I think there's a problem between Shias and Sunnis."
Unity	The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and achieves one major purpose or effect.	Ex. Pride by Dagoberto Gilbe
Unreliable Narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	Ex. The people at Gatsby's parties like Jordan who spread rumors about Gatsby's past.
Verisimilitude	The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience.	Ex. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon has medium verisimilitude.
Zeugma	A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning.	Ex. He governs his will and his kingdom.
	Reading to experience the world of the text.	Ex. One often reads John Steinbeck's novels, like the Grapes of Wrath, to experience the detailed settings.
	Either an action, character or thing misplaced in time.
	Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference the same thing.	Ex. I know the dog Toto.
hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect.	Ex 1. "I told you a billion times not to exaggerate." Ex 2. "...we scattered light through half Astoria..." (Fitzgerald 72).
Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.	Ex. In essays, writers often strategically arrange their essays into paragraphs and order their points from most convincing to least.
Archetype	Original (first)
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.	Ex. "Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies" (John Keats)
Assumption	An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker think the audience holds.	Ex. "We think a problem is weakness, mental laziness, intellectual inflation, but an issue is deep-rooted, interior, and personal." (Allison Amend)
Attitude	In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried out.	Ex. "Truth be told, we have replaced problem with issue in our vocabulary. And issue is a euphemism." (Allison Amend)
Auxesis	Magnifying the importance or gravity of something by referring to it with a disproportionate name.	Ex. Calling a scratch on the arm a wound.
Bathos	Insincere or overdone sentimentality/pathos.
Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	Ex. This painting is horrible because it is obviously worthless.
Casual Relationship	The relationship expressing, "if X is the cause, then Y is the effect," or, "if Y is the effect, then X caused it."	Ex. If the dog runs away, then the boy will be sad.
Character	A personage in a narrative.	Ex. Romeo was a character in Romeo and Juliete
loose sentence	A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement.	Ex. "Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news."
Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it rains.
Compound-Complex Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
Conceit	Fairly elaborate figurative device which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or oxymoron (essentially an extended analogy or comparison incorporating figurative devices).
Context	The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.	Ex. Kate Chopin lived in the late 1800s in Southern America as feminist. This background formed the foundation of The Awakening.
Contradiction	One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. ______ urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.	Ex. "If war is the cause of our misery, peace is the way to promote our happiness.
Denotation	The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning.	Ex. A house is literally a dwelling usually for a family.
Descriptive Writing	Writing that relies on sensory images to characterize a person or place.	Ex. "so much depends/ upon/ the red wheel/ barrow/ glazed with rain/ water/ beside the white/ chickens" (William Carlos Williams)
Dialect	The describable patterns of language-- grammar and vocabulary-- used by a particular culture or ethnic population.	Ex. A caribbean dialect is often "sing-songish" and leaves out words from sentences.
dialogue	Conversation between and among characters.	Ex. "Jim, I don't get it," Blair said. Jim raised an eyebrow. "Don't get what?"
diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.	Ex. Using "issue" instead of "problem."
meiosis	Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater esteem for it.	Ex. Calling an act of arson a prank.
double entendre	The double meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.	Ex 1. "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!" (Shelley). Ex 2. "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).
drafting	The process by which writers get something written on paper or in a computer file so they can develop their ideas and begin moving toward an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what will become the final product.	Ex. For the research paper, we will have to revise and ____ many times to perfect our papers.
dramatic monologue	A type of poem, popular primarily in the nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an assumed group of listeners.	Ex. In "My Last Duchess," by Robert Browning, shows off a painting of his late wife and reveals his cruelty to her.
elegy	Poem written that often contains elements of lament and mourning for someone/something.
homily	Either a sermon delivered to a congregation or a written work of admonitory fashion edifying the reader morally.
epistrophe	The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses.	Ex. "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." (Emerson)
erotema	Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely, not for an answer.	Ex. "How much longer must our people endure this injustice?"
ethos	the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	Ex. If you don't graduate from high school, you will always be poor.
exaggeration	an overstatement	Ex. The Matrix is the best movie ever made.
example	An anecdote or a narrative offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point.	Ex. Animals have more intelligence than imagined. "On human IQ tests, she (a gorilla named Koko) scores between 70 and 95." (Rifkin)
metaphor	An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.	Ex. "No man is an island" (Donne).
explication	To give a detailed explanation of something; analyze
exordium	In ancient Roman oratory, the introduction of a speech; literally, the "web" meant to draw the audience in the speech.	Ex. Julius Caesar's speech begins with an ________.
Malaproprism	using words, particularly polysyllabic words, incorrectly
oxymoron	Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings.	Ex. "O miserable abundance! O beggarly riches!" (Donne).
Paradox	a contradictory statement or contradictory ideas, but upon close inspection, seems to contain a truth
Parody	the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of author in such a way as to make them ridiculous
flat character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed.	Ex. Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen.
Paralipsis	Irony in which one proposes to pass over a matter, but subtly reveals it.	Ex. "She is talented, not to mention rich."
Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	Ex. Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.
Sarcasm	1. a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain 2. a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic
Satire	The use of irony or ridicule in exposing vice, folly, etc.
Setting	The context--including time and place--of a narrative.	Ex. The area surrounding New York City in the 1920s is the setting of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Sharing	A system calling for writers to read or listen to one another's work and suggest ways to improve it.	Ex. In AP US History, we peer reviewed each other's take home DBQs.
Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word like or as.	Ex. "There was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away" (Fitzgerald 2).
Syllogism	Logical reasoning from an inarguable premises.	Ex. All mortal die. All humans are mortal. All humans die.
Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole.	Ex. "The hired hands are not doing their jobs."
Syntax	The order of words in a sentence.	Ex. "The dog ran" not "the ran dog."
format	The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a written text.	Ex. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a format for research papers.
Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work.	Ex. The decline of the American dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject mater.	Ex. Light-hearted in the Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon.
Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point.	Ex. "I think there's a problem between Shias and Sunnis."
Unity	The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and achieves one major purpose or effect.	Ex. Pride by Dagoberto Gilbe
Unreliable Narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	Ex. The people at Gatsby's parties like Jordan who spread rumors about Gatsby's past.
Verisimilitude	The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience.	Ex. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon has medium verisimilitude.
Zeugma	A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning.	Ex. He governs his will and his kingdom.
	Reading to experience the world of the text.	Ex. One often reads John Steinbeck's novels, like the Grapes of Wrath, to experience the detailed settings.
	Either an action, character or thing misplaced in time.
	Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference the same thing.	Ex. I know the dog Toto.
hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect.	Ex 1. "I told you a billion times not to exaggerate." Ex 2. "...we scattered light through half Astoria..." (Fitzgerald 72).
Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.	Ex. In essays, writers often strategically arrange their essays into paragraphs and order their points from most convincing to least.
Archetype	Original (first)
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.	Ex. "Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies" (John Keats)
Assumption	An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker think the audience holds.	Ex. "We think a problem is weakness, mental laziness, intellectual inflation, but an issue is deep-rooted, interior, and personal." (Allison Amend)
Attitude	In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried out.	Ex. "Truth be told, we have replaced problem with issue in our vocabulary. And issue is a euphemism." (Allison Amend)
Auxesis	Magnifying the importance or gravity of something by referring to it with a disproportionate name.	Ex. Calling a scratch on the arm a wound.
Bathos	Insincere or overdone sentimentality/pathos.
Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	Ex. This painting is horrible because it is obviously worthless.
Casual Relationship	The relationship expressing, "if X is the cause, then Y is the effect," or, "if Y is the effect, then X caused it."	Ex. If the dog runs away, then the boy will be sad.
Character	A personage in a narrative.	Ex. Romeo was a character in Romeo and Juliete
loose sentence	A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement.	Ex. "Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news."
Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it rains.
Compound-Complex Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
Conceit	Fairly elaborate figurative device which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or oxymoron (essentially an extended analogy or comparison incorporating figurative devices).
Context	The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.	Ex. Kate Chopin lived in the late 1800s in Southern America as feminist. This background formed the foundation of The Awakening.
Contradiction	One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. ______ urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.	Ex. "If war is the cause of our misery, peace is the way to promote our happiness.
Denotation	The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning.	Ex. A house is literally a dwelling usually for a family.
Descriptive Writing	Writing that relies on sensory images to characterize a person or place.	Ex. "so much depends/ upon/ the red wheel/ barrow/ glazed with rain/ water/ beside the white/ chickens" (William Carlos Williams)
Dialect	The describable patterns of language-- grammar and vocabulary-- used by a particular culture or ethnic population.	Ex. A caribbean dialect is often "sing-songish" and leaves out words from sentences.
dialogue	Conversation between and among characters.	Ex. "Jim, I don't get it," Blair said. Jim raised an eyebrow. "Don't get what?"
diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.	Ex. Using "issue" instead of "problem."
meiosis	Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater esteem for it.	Ex. Calling an act of arson a prank.
double entendre	The double meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.	Ex 1. "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!" (Shelley). Ex 2. "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).
drafting	The process by which writers get something written on paper or in a computer file so they can develop their ideas and begin moving toward an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what will become the final product.	Ex. For the research paper, we will have to revise and ____ many times to perfect our papers.
dramatic monologue	A type of poem, popular primarily in the nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an assumed group of listeners.	Ex. In "My Last Duchess," by Robert Browning, shows off a painting of his late wife and reveals his cruelty to her.
elegy	Poem written that often contains elements of lament and mourning for someone/something.
homily	Either a sermon delivered to a congregation or a written work of admonitory fashion edifying the reader morally.
epistrophe	The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses.	Ex. "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." (Emerson)
erotema	Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely, not for an answer.	Ex. "How much longer must our people endure this injustice?"
ethos	the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	Ex. If you don't graduate from high school, you will always be poor.
exaggeration	an overstatement	Ex. The Matrix is the best movie ever made.
example	An anecdote or a narrative offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point.	Ex. Animals have more intelligence than imagined. "On human IQ tests, she (a gorilla named Koko) scores between 70 and 95." (Rifkin)
metaphor	An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.	Ex. "No man is an island" (Donne).
explication	To give a detailed explanation of something; analyze
exordium	In ancient Roman oratory, the introduction of a speech; literally, the "web" meant to draw the audience in the speech.	Ex. Julius Caesar's speech begins with an ________.
extended analogy	An extended passage arguing that if two things are similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in others ways as well.	Ex. In "Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts," Catton argues some similarities between Grant and Lee.
Malaproprism	using words, particularly polysyllabic words, incorrectly
oxymoron	Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings.	Ex. "O miserable abundance! O beggarly riches!" (Donne).
Paradox	a contradictory statement or contradictory ideas, but upon close inspection, seems to contain a truth
Parody	the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of author in such a way as to make them ridiculous
flat character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed.	Ex. Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen.
Paralipsis	Irony in which one proposes to pass over a matter, but subtly reveals it.	Ex. "She is talented, not to mention rich."
Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	Ex. Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.
Sarcasm	1. a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain 2. a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic
Satire	The use of irony or ridicule in exposing vice, folly, etc.
Setting	The context--including time and place--of a narrative.	Ex. The area surrounding New York City in the 1920s is the setting of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Sharing	A system calling for writers to read or listen to one another's work and suggest ways to improve it.	Ex. In AP US History, we peer reviewed each other's take home DBQs.
Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word like or as.	Ex. "There was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away" (Fitzgerald 2).
Syllogism	Logical reasoning from an inarguable premises.	Ex. All mortal die. All humans are mortal. All humans die.
Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole.	Ex. "The hired hands are not doing their jobs."
Syntax	The order of words in a sentence.	Ex. "The dog ran" not "the ran dog."
format	The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a written text.	Ex. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a format for research papers.
Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work.	Ex. The decline of the American dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject mater.	Ex. Light-hearted in the Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon.
Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point.	Ex. "I think there's a problem between Shias and Sunnis."
Unity	The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and achieves one major purpose or effect.	Ex. Pride by Dagoberto Gilbe
Unreliable Narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	Ex. The people at Gatsby's parties like Jordan who spread rumors about Gatsby's past.
Verisimilitude	The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience.	Ex. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon has medium verisimilitude.
Zeugma	A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning.	Ex. He governs his will and his kingdom.
	Reading to experience the world of the text.	Ex. One often reads John Steinbeck's novels, like the Grapes of Wrath, to experience the detailed settings.
	Either an action, character or thing misplaced in time.
	Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference the same thing.	Ex. I know the dog Toto.
hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect.	Ex 1. "I told you a billion times not to exaggerate." Ex 2. "...we scattered light through half Astoria..." (Fitzgerald 72).
Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.	Ex. In essays, writers often strategically arrange their essays into paragraphs and order their points from most convincing to least.
Archetype	Original (first)
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.	Ex. "Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies" (John Keats)
Assumption	An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker think the audience holds.	Ex. "We think a problem is weakness, mental laziness, intellectual inflation, but an issue is deep-rooted, interior, and personal." (Allison Amend)
Attitude	In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried out.	Ex. "Truth be told, we have replaced problem with issue in our vocabulary. And issue is a euphemism." (Allison Amend)
Auxesis	Magnifying the importance or gravity of something by referring to it with a disproportionate name.	Ex. Calling a scratch on the arm a wound.
Bathos	Insincere or overdone sentimentality/pathos.
Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	Ex. This painting is horrible because it is obviously worthless.
Casual Relationship	The relationship expressing, "if X is the cause, then Y is the effect," or, "if Y is the effect, then X caused it."	Ex. If the dog runs away, then the boy will be sad.
Character	A personage in a narrative.	Ex. Romeo was a character in Romeo and Juliete
loose sentence	A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement.	Ex. "Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news."
Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it rains.
Compound-Complex Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
Conceit	Fairly elaborate figurative device which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or oxymoron (essentially an extended analogy or comparison incorporating figurative devices).
Context	The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.	Ex. Kate Chopin lived in the late 1800s in Southern America as feminist. This background formed the foundation of The Awakening.
Contradiction	One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. ______ urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.	Ex. "If war is the cause of our misery, peace is the way to promote our happiness.
Denotation	The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning.	Ex. A house is literally a dwelling usually for a family.
Descriptive Writing	Writing that relies on sensory images to characterize a person or place.	Ex. "so much depends/ upon/ the red wheel/ barrow/ glazed with rain/ water/ beside the white/ chickens" (William Carlos Williams)
Dialect	The describable patterns of language-- grammar and vocabulary-- used by a particular culture or ethnic population.	Ex. A caribbean dialect is often "sing-songish" and leaves out words from sentences.
dialogue	Conversation between and among characters.	Ex. "Jim, I don't get it," Blair said. Jim raised an eyebrow. "Don't get what?"
diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.	Ex. Using "issue" instead of "problem."
meiosis	Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater esteem for it.	Ex. Calling an act of arson a prank.
double entendre	The double meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.	Ex 1. "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!" (Shelley). Ex 2. "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).
drafting	The process by which writers get something written on paper or in a computer file so they can develop their ideas and begin moving toward an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what will become the final product.	Ex. For the research paper, we will have to revise and ____ many times to perfect our papers.
dramatic monologue	A type of poem, popular primarily in the nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an assumed group of listeners.	Ex. In "My Last Duchess," by Robert Browning, shows off a painting of his late wife and reveals his cruelty to her.
elegy	Poem written that often contains elements of lament and mourning for someone/something.
homily	Either a sermon delivered to a congregation or a written work of admonitory fashion edifying the reader morally.
epistrophe	The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses.	Ex. "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." (Emerson)
erotema	Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely, not for an answer.	Ex. "How much longer must our people endure this injustice?"
ethos	the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	Ex. If you don't graduate from high school, you will always be poor.
exaggeration	an overstatement	Ex. The Matrix is the best movie ever made.
example	An anecdote or a narrative offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point.	Ex. Animals have more intelligence than imagined. "On human IQ tests, she (a gorilla named Koko) scores between 70 and 95." (Rifkin)
metaphor	An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.	Ex. "No man is an island" (Donne).
explication	To give a detailed explanation of something; analyze
exordium	In ancient Roman oratory, the introduction of a speech; literally, the "web" meant to draw the audience in the speech.	Ex. Julius Caesar's speech begins with an ________.
extended analogy	An extended passage arguing that if two things are similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in others ways as well.	Ex. In "Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts," Catton argues some similarities between Grant and Lee.
fable	A narrative in which fictional characters, often animals, take actions that have ethical or moral significance.	Ex. Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, is a fable.
Malaproprism	using words, particularly polysyllabic words, incorrectly
oxymoron	Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings.	Ex. "O miserable abundance! O beggarly riches!" (Donne).
Paradox	a contradictory statement or contradictory ideas, but upon close inspection, seems to contain a truth
Parody	the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of author in such a way as to make them ridiculous
flat character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed.	Ex. Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen.
Paralipsis	Irony in which one proposes to pass over a matter, but subtly reveals it.	Ex. "She is talented, not to mention rich."
Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	Ex. Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.
Sarcasm	1. a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain 2. a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic
Satire	The use of irony or ridicule in exposing vice, folly, etc.
Setting	The context--including time and place--of a narrative.	Ex. The area surrounding New York City in the 1920s is the setting of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Sharing	A system calling for writers to read or listen to one another's work and suggest ways to improve it.	Ex. In AP US History, we peer reviewed each other's take home DBQs.
Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word like or as.	Ex. "There was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away" (Fitzgerald 2).
Syllogism	Logical reasoning from an inarguable premises.	Ex. All mortal die. All humans are mortal. All humans die.
Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole.	Ex. "The hired hands are not doing their jobs."
Syntax	The order of words in a sentence.	Ex. "The dog ran" not "the ran dog."
format	The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a written text.	Ex. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a format for research papers.
Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work.	Ex. The decline of the American dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject mater.	Ex. Light-hearted in the Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon.
Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point.	Ex. "I think there's a problem between Shias and Sunnis."
Unity	The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and achieves one major purpose or effect.	Ex. Pride by Dagoberto Gilbe
Unreliable Narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	Ex. The people at Gatsby's parties like Jordan who spread rumors about Gatsby's past.
Verisimilitude	The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience.	Ex. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon has medium verisimilitude.
Zeugma	A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning.	Ex. He governs his will and his kingdom.
	Reading to experience the world of the text.	Ex. One often reads John Steinbeck's novels, like the Grapes of Wrath, to experience the detailed settings.
	Either an action, character or thing misplaced in time.
	Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference the same thing.	Ex. I know the dog Toto.
hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect.	Ex 1. "I told you a billion times not to exaggerate." Ex 2. "...we scattered light through half Astoria..." (Fitzgerald 72).
Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.	Ex. In essays, writers often strategically arrange their essays into paragraphs and order their points from most convincing to least.
Archetype	Original (first)
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.	Ex. "Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies" (John Keats)
Assumption	An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker think the audience holds.	Ex. "We think a problem is weakness, mental laziness, intellectual inflation, but an issue is deep-rooted, interior, and personal." (Allison Amend)
Attitude	In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried out.	Ex. "Truth be told, we have replaced problem with issue in our vocabulary. And issue is a euphemism." (Allison Amend)
Auxesis	Magnifying the importance or gravity of something by referring to it with a disproportionate name.	Ex. Calling a scratch on the arm a wound.
Bathos	Insincere or overdone sentimentality/pathos.
Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	Ex. This painting is horrible because it is obviously worthless.
Casual Relationship	The relationship expressing, "if X is the cause, then Y is the effect," or, "if Y is the effect, then X caused it."	Ex. If the dog runs away, then the boy will be sad.
Character	A personage in a narrative.	Ex. Romeo was a character in Romeo and Juliete
loose sentence	A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement.	Ex. "Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news."
Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it rains.
Compound-Complex Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
Conceit	Fairly elaborate figurative device which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or oxymoron (essentially an extended analogy or comparison incorporating figurative devices).
Context	The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.	Ex. Kate Chopin lived in the late 1800s in Southern America as feminist. This background formed the foundation of The Awakening.
Contradiction	One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. ______ urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.	Ex. "If war is the cause of our misery, peace is the way to promote our happiness.
Denotation	The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning.	Ex. A house is literally a dwelling usually for a family.
Descriptive Writing	Writing that relies on sensory images to characterize a person or place.	Ex. "so much depends/ upon/ the red wheel/ barrow/ glazed with rain/ water/ beside the white/ chickens" (William Carlos Williams)
Dialect	The describable patterns of language-- grammar and vocabulary-- used by a particular culture or ethnic population.	Ex. A caribbean dialect is often "sing-songish" and leaves out words from sentences.
dialogue	Conversation between and among characters.	Ex. "Jim, I don't get it," Blair said. Jim raised an eyebrow. "Don't get what?"
diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.	Ex. Using "issue" instead of "problem."
meiosis	Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater esteem for it.	Ex. Calling an act of arson a prank.
double entendre	The double meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.	Ex 1. "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!" (Shelley). Ex 2. "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).
drafting	The process by which writers get something written on paper or in a computer file so they can develop their ideas and begin moving toward an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what will become the final product.	Ex. For the research paper, we will have to revise and ____ many times to perfect our papers.
dramatic monologue	A type of poem, popular primarily in the nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an assumed group of listeners.	Ex. In "My Last Duchess," by Robert Browning, shows off a painting of his late wife and reveals his cruelty to her.
elegy	Poem written that often contains elements of lament and mourning for someone/something.
homily	Either a sermon delivered to a congregation or a written work of admonitory fashion edifying the reader morally.
epistrophe	The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses.	Ex. "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." (Emerson)
erotema	Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely, not for an answer.	Ex. "How much longer must our people endure this injustice?"
ethos	the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	Ex. If you don't graduate from high school, you will always be poor.
exaggeration	an overstatement	Ex. The Matrix is the best movie ever made.
example	An anecdote or a narrative offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point.	Ex. Animals have more intelligence than imagined. "On human IQ tests, she (a gorilla named Koko) scores between 70 and 95." (Rifkin)
metaphor	An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.	Ex. "No man is an island" (Donne).
explication	To give a detailed explanation of something; analyze
exordium	In ancient Roman oratory, the introduction of a speech; literally, the "web" meant to draw the audience in the speech.	Ex. Julius Caesar's speech begins with an ________.
extended analogy	An extended passage arguing that if two things are similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in others ways as well.	Ex. In "Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts," Catton argues some similarities between Grant and Lee.
fable	A narrative in which fictional characters, often animals, take actions that have ethical or moral significance.	Ex. Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, is a fable.
figures of rhetoric	Schemes--that is, variations from typical word or sentence formation-- and tropes, which are variations from typical patterns of thought.	Ex. "When I first saw her, my soul began to quiver."
Malaproprism	using words, particularly polysyllabic words, incorrectly
oxymoron	Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings.	Ex. "O miserable abundance! O beggarly riches!" (Donne).
Paradox	a contradictory statement or contradictory ideas, but upon close inspection, seems to contain a truth
Parody	the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of author in such a way as to make them ridiculous
flat character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed.	Ex. Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen.
Paralipsis	Irony in which one proposes to pass over a matter, but subtly reveals it.	Ex. "She is talented, not to mention rich."
Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	Ex. Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.
Sarcasm	1. a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain 2. a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic
Satire	The use of irony or ridicule in exposing vice, folly, etc.
Setting	The context--including time and place--of a narrative.	Ex. The area surrounding New York City in the 1920s is the setting of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Sharing	A system calling for writers to read or listen to one another's work and suggest ways to improve it.	Ex. In AP US History, we peer reviewed each other's take home DBQs.
Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word like or as.	Ex. "There was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away" (Fitzgerald 2).
Syllogism	Logical reasoning from an inarguable premises.	Ex. All mortal die. All humans are mortal. All humans die.
Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole.	Ex. "The hired hands are not doing their jobs."
Syntax	The order of words in a sentence.	Ex. "The dog ran" not "the ran dog."
format	The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a written text.	Ex. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a format for research papers.
Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work.	Ex. The decline of the American dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject mater.	Ex. Light-hearted in the Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon.
Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point.	Ex. "I think there's a problem between Shias and Sunnis."
Unity	The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and achieves one major purpose or effect.	Ex. Pride by Dagoberto Gilbe
Unreliable Narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	Ex. The people at Gatsby's parties like Jordan who spread rumors about Gatsby's past.
Verisimilitude	The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience.	Ex. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon has medium verisimilitude.
Zeugma	A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning.	Ex. He governs his will and his kingdom.
	Reading to experience the world of the text.	Ex. One often reads John Steinbeck's novels, like the Grapes of Wrath, to experience the detailed settings.
	Either an action, character or thing misplaced in time.
	Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference the same thing.	Ex. I know the dog Toto.
hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect.	Ex 1. "I told you a billion times not to exaggerate." Ex 2. "...we scattered light through half Astoria..." (Fitzgerald 72).
Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.	Ex. In essays, writers often strategically arrange their essays into paragraphs and order their points from most convincing to least.
Archetype	Original (first)
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.	Ex. "Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies" (John Keats)
Assumption	An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker think the audience holds.	Ex. "We think a problem is weakness, mental laziness, intellectual inflation, but an issue is deep-rooted, interior, and personal." (Allison Amend)
Attitude	In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried out.	Ex. "Truth be told, we have replaced problem with issue in our vocabulary. And issue is a euphemism." (Allison Amend)
Auxesis	Magnifying the importance or gravity of something by referring to it with a disproportionate name.	Ex. Calling a scratch on the arm a wound.
Bathos	Insincere or overdone sentimentality/pathos.
Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	Ex. This painting is horrible because it is obviously worthless.
Casual Relationship	The relationship expressing, "if X is the cause, then Y is the effect," or, "if Y is the effect, then X caused it."	Ex. If the dog runs away, then the boy will be sad.
Character	A personage in a narrative.	Ex. Romeo was a character in Romeo and Juliete
loose sentence	A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement.	Ex. "Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news."
Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it rains.
Compound-Complex Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
Conceit	Fairly elaborate figurative device which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or oxymoron (essentially an extended analogy or comparison incorporating figurative devices).
Context	The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.	Ex. Kate Chopin lived in the late 1800s in Southern America as feminist. This background formed the foundation of The Awakening.
Contradiction	One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. ______ urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.	Ex. "If war is the cause of our misery, peace is the way to promote our happiness.
Denotation	The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning.	Ex. A house is literally a dwelling usually for a family.
Descriptive Writing	Writing that relies on sensory images to characterize a person or place.	Ex. "so much depends/ upon/ the red wheel/ barrow/ glazed with rain/ water/ beside the white/ chickens" (William Carlos Williams)
Dialect	The describable patterns of language-- grammar and vocabulary-- used by a particular culture or ethnic population.	Ex. A caribbean dialect is often "sing-songish" and leaves out words from sentences.
dialogue	Conversation between and among characters.	Ex. "Jim, I don't get it," Blair said. Jim raised an eyebrow. "Don't get what?"
diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.	Ex. Using "issue" instead of "problem."
meiosis	Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater esteem for it.	Ex. Calling an act of arson a prank.
double entendre	The double meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.	Ex 1. "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!" (Shelley). Ex 2. "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).
drafting	The process by which writers get something written on paper or in a computer file so they can develop their ideas and begin moving toward an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what will become the final product.	Ex. For the research paper, we will have to revise and ____ many times to perfect our papers.
dramatic monologue	A type of poem, popular primarily in the nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an assumed group of listeners.	Ex. In "My Last Duchess," by Robert Browning, shows off a painting of his late wife and reveals his cruelty to her.
elegy	Poem written that often contains elements of lament and mourning for someone/something.
homily	Either a sermon delivered to a congregation or a written work of admonitory fashion edifying the reader morally.
epistrophe	The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses.	Ex. "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." (Emerson)
erotema	Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely, not for an answer.	Ex. "How much longer must our people endure this injustice?"
ethos	the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	Ex. If you don't graduate from high school, you will always be poor.
exaggeration	an overstatement	Ex. The Matrix is the best movie ever made.
example	An anecdote or a narrative offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point.	Ex. Animals have more intelligence than imagined. "On human IQ tests, she (a gorilla named Koko) scores between 70 and 95." (Rifkin)
metaphor	An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.	Ex. "No man is an island" (Donne).
explication	To give a detailed explanation of something; analyze
exordium	In ancient Roman oratory, the introduction of a speech; literally, the "web" meant to draw the audience in the speech.	Ex. Julius Caesar's speech begins with an ________.
extended analogy	An extended passage arguing that if two things are similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in others ways as well.	Ex. In "Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts," Catton argues some similarities between Grant and Lee.
fable	A narrative in which fictional characters, often animals, take actions that have ethical or moral significance.	Ex. Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, is a fable.
figures of rhetoric	Schemes--that is, variations from typical word or sentence formation-- and tropes, which are variations from typical patterns of thought.	Ex. "When I first saw her, my soul began to quiver."
flashforward	A part of the plot that jumps ahead in time and returns to the present.	Ex. Oedipus is told he will sleep with his mother and kill his father by a prophet.
Malaproprism	using words, particularly polysyllabic words, incorrectly
oxymoron	Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings.	Ex. "O miserable abundance! O beggarly riches!" (Donne).
Paradox	a contradictory statement or contradictory ideas, but upon close inspection, seems to contain a truth
Parody	the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of author in such a way as to make them ridiculous
flat character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed.	Ex. Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen.
Paralipsis	Irony in which one proposes to pass over a matter, but subtly reveals it.	Ex. "She is talented, not to mention rich."
Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	Ex. Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.
Sarcasm	1. a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain 2. a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic
Satire	The use of irony or ridicule in exposing vice, folly, etc.
Setting	The context--including time and place--of a narrative.	Ex. The area surrounding New York City in the 1920s is the setting of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Sharing	A system calling for writers to read or listen to one another's work and suggest ways to improve it.	Ex. In AP US History, we peer reviewed each other's take home DBQs.
Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word like or as.	Ex. "There was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away" (Fitzgerald 2).
Syllogism	Logical reasoning from an inarguable premises.	Ex. All mortal die. All humans are mortal. All humans die.
Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole.	Ex. "The hired hands are not doing their jobs."
Syntax	The order of words in a sentence.	Ex. "The dog ran" not "the ran dog."
format	The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a written text.	Ex. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a format for research papers.
Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work.	Ex. The decline of the American dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject mater.	Ex. Light-hearted in the Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon.
Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point.	Ex. "I think there's a problem between Shias and Sunnis."
Unity	The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and achieves one major purpose or effect.	Ex. Pride by Dagoberto Gilbe
Unreliable Narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	Ex. The people at Gatsby's parties like Jordan who spread rumors about Gatsby's past.
Verisimilitude	The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience.	Ex. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay by Michael Chabon has medium verisimilitude.
Zeugma	A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning.	Ex. He governs his will and his kingdom.
	Reading to experience the world of the text.	Ex. One often reads John Steinbeck's novels, like the Grapes of Wrath, to experience the detailed settings.
	Either an action, character or thing misplaced in time.
Apposition	Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference the same thing.	Ex. I know the dog Toto.
hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect.	Ex 1. "I told you a billion times not to exaggerate." Ex 2. "...we scattered light through half Astoria..." (Fitzgerald 72).
Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.	Ex. In essays, writers often strategically arrange their essays into paragraphs and order their points from most convincing to least.
Archetype	Original (first)
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.	Ex. "Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies" (John Keats)
Assumption	An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker think the audience holds.	Ex. "We think a problem is weakness, mental laziness, intellectual inflation, but an issue is deep-rooted, interior, and personal." (Allison Amend)
Attitude	In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried out.	Ex. "Truth be told, we have replaced problem with issue in our vocabulary. And issue is a euphemism." (Allison Amend)
Auxesis	Magnifying the importance or gravity of something by referring to it with a disproportionate name.	Ex. Calling a scratch on the arm a wound.
Bathos	Insincere or overdone sentimentality/pathos.
Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	Ex. This painting is horrible because it is obviously worthless.
Casual Relationship	The relationship expressing, "if X is the cause, then Y is the effect," or, "if Y is the effect, then X caused it."	Ex. If the dog runs away, then the boy will be sad.
Character	A personage in a narrative.	Ex. Romeo was a character in Romeo and Juliete
loose sentence	A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement.	Ex. "Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news."
Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it rains.
Compound-Complex Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	Ex. The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
Conceit	Fairly elaborate figurative device which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or oxymoron (essentially an extended analogy or comparison incorporating figurative devices).
Context	The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.	Ex. Kate Chopin lived in the late 1800s in Southern America as feminist. This background formed the foundation of The Awakening.
Contradiction	One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. ______ urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.	Ex. "If war is the cause of our misery, peace is the way to promote our happiness.
Denotation	The "dictionary definition" of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning.	Ex. A house is literally a dwelling usually for a family.
Descriptive Writing	Writing that relies on sensory images to characterize a person or place.	Ex. "so much depends/ upon/ the red wheel/ barrow/ glazed with rain/ water/ beside the white/ chickens" (William Carlos Williams)
Dialect	The describable patterns of language-- grammar and vocabulary-- used by a particular culture or ethnic population.	Ex. A caribbean dialect is often "sing-songish" and leaves out words from sentences.
dialogue	Conversation between and among characters.	Ex. "Jim, I don't get it," Blair said. Jim raised an eyebrow. "Don't get what?"
diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.	Ex. Using "issue" instead of "problem."
meiosis	Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater esteem for it.	Ex. Calling an act of arson a prank.
double entendre	The double meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.	Ex 1. "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!" (Shelley). Ex 2. "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).
drafting	The process by which writers get something written on paper or in a computer file so they can develop their ideas and begin moving toward an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what will become the final product.	Ex. For the research paper, we will have to revise and ____ many times to perfect our papers.
dramatic monologue	A type of poem, popular primarily in the nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an assumed group of listeners.	Ex. In "My Last Duchess," by Robert Browning, shows off a painting of his late wife and reveals his cruelty to her.
elegy	Poem written that often contains elements of lament and mourning for someone/something.
homily	Either a sermon delivered to a congregation or a written work of admonitory fashion edifying the reader morally.
epistrophe	The repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses.	Ex. "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." (Emerson)
erotema	Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely, not for an answer.	Ex. "How much longer must our people endure this injustice?"
ethos	the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	Ex. If you don't graduate from high school, you will always be poor.
exaggeration	an overstatement	Ex. The Matrix is the best movie ever made.
example	An anecdote or a narrative offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point.	Ex. Animals have more intelligence than imagined. "On human IQ tests, she (a gorilla named Koko) scores between 70 and 95." (Rifkin)
metaphor	An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.	Ex. "No man is an island" (Donne).
explication	To give a detailed explanation of something; analyze
exordium	In ancient Roman oratory, the introduction of a speech; literally, the "web" meant to draw the audience in the speech.	Ex. Julius Caesar's speech begins with an ________.
extended analogy	An extended passage arguing that if two things are similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in others ways as well.	Ex. In "Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts," Catton argues some similarities between Grant and Lee.
fable	A narrative in which fictional characters, often animals, take actions that have ethical or moral significance.	Ex. Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, is a fable.
figures of rhetoric	Schemes--that is, variations from typical word or sentence formation-- and tropes, which are variations from typical patterns of thought.	Ex. "When I first saw her, my soul began to quiver."
flashforward	A part of the plot that jumps ahead in time and returns to the present.	Ex. Oedipus is told he will sleep with his mother and kill his father by a prophet.
Hubris	Exaggerated pride or self-confidence; often brings about the downfall (pride, arrogance, etc.)
Malaproprism	using words, particularly polysyllabic words, incorrectly
oxymoron	Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings.	Ex. "O miserable abundance! O beggarly riches!" (Donne).
Paradox	a contradictory statement or contradictory ideas, but upon close inspection, seems to contain a truth
Parody	the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of author in such a way as to make them ridiculous
anastrophe/hyperbaton	Unusual or inverted word order.	Ex. "Size matters not. Judge me by my size, do you?" (Yoda)
anastrophe/hyperbaton	Unusual or inverted word order.	Ex. "Size matters not. Judge me by my size, do you?" (Yoda)
imagery	Language that evokes particular sensations or emotionally rich experiences in a reader.	Ex 1. Edgar Allan Poe uses imagery in The Fall of the House of Usher. Ex 2. "...ran for a huge black knotted trees whose massed leaves made a fabric against the rain..." (Fitzgerald 93)
anastrophe/hyperbaton	Unusual or inverted word order.	Ex. "Size matters not. Judge me by my size, do you?" (Yoda)
imagery	Language that evokes particular sensations or emotionally rich experiences in a reader.	Ex 1. Edgar Allan Poe uses imagery in The Fall of the House of Usher. Ex 2. "...ran for a huge black knotted trees whose massed leaves made a fabric against the rain..." (Fitzgerald 93)
implied metaphor	A metaphor embedded in a sentence rather than expressed directly as a sentence.	Ex 1. "John swelled and rustled his plumage." (John was a peacock.) Ex 2. "Something was making him nibble at the edge of stale ideas as if his sturdy physical egotism no longer nourished his peremptory heart" (Fitzgerald 25).
anastrophe/hyperbaton	Unusual or inverted word order.	Ex. "Size matters not. Judge me by my size, do you?" (Yoda)
imagery	Language that evokes particular sensations or emotionally rich experiences in a reader.	Ex 1. Edgar Allan Poe uses imagery in The Fall of the House of Usher. Ex 2. "...ran for a huge black knotted trees whose massed leaves made a fabric against the rain..." (Fitzgerald 93)
implied metaphor	A metaphor embedded in a sentence rather than expressed directly as a sentence.	Ex 1. "John swelled and rustled his plumage." (John was a peacock.) Ex 2. "Something was making him nibble at the edge of stale ideas as if his sturdy physical egotism no longer nourished his peremptory heart" (Fitzgerald 25).
Hamartia	tragic flaw
Hamartia	tragic flaw
Inductive Reasoning	Reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle.	Ex. This ice is cold. Thus, all ice is cold.
Inductive Reasoning	Reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle.	Ex. This ice is cold. Thus, all ice is cold.
Jargon	The specialized vocabulary of a particular group.	Ex. Bilateral periorbital hemotoma (a black eye)
Inductive Reasoning	Reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle.	Ex. This ice is cold. Thus, all ice is cold.
Jargon	The specialized vocabulary of a particular group.	Ex. Bilateral periorbital hemotoma (a black eye)
Lampoon	A harsh satire usually directed towards someone.
Inductive Reasoning	Reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle.	Ex. This ice is cold. Thus, all ice is cold.
Jargon	The specialized vocabulary of a particular group.	Ex. Bilateral periorbital hemotoma (a black eye)
Lampoon	A harsh satire usually directed towards someone.
Carpe Diem	Seize the day
Limited Narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thought of one character or partial thinking of more than one character.	Ex. "Murgatroyd met Madeline on New Years Eve in 2002. He attended a party and she opened the door. Her hair! Only a goddess could have hair so fine."
Limited Narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thought of one character or partial thinking of more than one character.	Ex. "Murgatroyd met Madeline on New Years Eve in 2002. He attended a party and she opened the door. Her hair! Only a goddess could have hair so fine."
Litotes	understatement	Ex. 1 "This is no ordinary city" rather than "this is an impressive city". Ex. 2 "I lived at West Egg, the--well, the less fashionable of the two, though this is a most superficial tag..." (Fitzgerald 9)
Limited Narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thought of one character or partial thinking of more than one character.	Ex. "Murgatroyd met Madeline on New Years Eve in 2002. He attended a party and she opened the door. Her hair! Only a goddess could have hair so fine."
Litotes	understatement	Ex. 1 "This is no ordinary city" rather than "this is an impressive city". Ex. 2 "I lived at West Egg, the--well, the less fashionable of the two, though this is a most superficial tag..." (Fitzgerald 9)
Logic	Art of reasoning	Ex. All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Thus, Socrates is mortal.
logos	The appeal of a text based on the logical structure of its argument or central ideas.	Ex. "If there really were such strong evidence of racial bias in the justice system it would be newsworthy..." (Taylor 6)
logos	The appeal of a text based on the logical structure of its argument or central ideas.	Ex. "If there really were such strong evidence of racial bias in the justice system it would be newsworthy..." (Taylor 6)
Kenning	two word renaming of a person or object	Ex. The she-wolf devoured...
logos	The appeal of a text based on the logical structure of its argument or central ideas.	Ex. "If there really were such strong evidence of racial bias in the justice system it would be newsworthy..." (Taylor 6)
Kenning	two word renaming of a person or object	Ex. The she-wolf devoured...
mood	The feeling that a text is intended to produce in the audience.	Ex. In John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, the mood is mostly dark and gloomy.
Motif	a reoccurring image within a work
Motif	a reoccurring image within a work
Mock epic	a long, humorous poem written in mock heroic style
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Onomatopoeia	words that create sounds	Ex. bang, buzz, boom, clang
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Onomatopoeia	words that create sounds	Ex. bang, buzz, boom, clang
parable	A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.	Ex. Ignacy Krasicki's "The Blind Man and the Lame."
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Onomatopoeia	words that create sounds	Ex. bang, buzz, boom, clang
parable	A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.	Ex. Ignacy Krasicki's "The Blind Man and the Lame."
paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless.	Ex. "Not having a fashion is a fashion."
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Onomatopoeia	words that create sounds	Ex. bang, buzz, boom, clang
parable	A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.	Ex. Ignacy Krasicki's "The Blind Man and the Lame."
paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless.	Ex. "Not having a fashion is a fashion."
paronomasia	To call with a slight change of name; a play on words.	Ex. "Independence is what a boy wants from his father when he wants to be let a loan."
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Onomatopoeia	words that create sounds	Ex. bang, buzz, boom, clang
parable	A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.	Ex. Ignacy Krasicki's "The Blind Man and the Lame."
paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless.	Ex. "Not having a fashion is a fashion."
paronomasia	To call with a slight change of name; a play on words.	Ex. "Independence is what a boy wants from his father when he wants to be let a loan."
pathos	The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience.	Ex. "...Helped feed a wave of national breast-beating over the unfairness of the juvenile justice system" (Taylor 1).
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Onomatopoeia	words that create sounds	Ex. bang, buzz, boom, clang
parable	A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.	Ex. Ignacy Krasicki's "The Blind Man and the Lame."
paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless.	Ex. "Not having a fashion is a fashion."
paronomasia	To call with a slight change of name; a play on words.	Ex. "Independence is what a boy wants from his father when he wants to be let a loan."
pathos	The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience.	Ex. "...Helped feed a wave of national breast-beating over the unfairness of the juvenile justice system" (Taylor 1).
Pathetic fallacy	attributing human emotion or responses to nature, inanimate objects, or animals.
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Onomatopoeia	words that create sounds	Ex. bang, buzz, boom, clang
parable	A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.	Ex. Ignacy Krasicki's "The Blind Man and the Lame."
paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless.	Ex. "Not having a fashion is a fashion."
paronomasia	To call with a slight change of name; a play on words.	Ex. "Independence is what a boy wants from his father when he wants to be let a loan."
pathos	The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience.	Ex. "...Helped feed a wave of national breast-beating over the unfairness of the juvenile justice system" (Taylor 1).
Pathetic fallacy	attributing human emotion or responses to nature, inanimate objects, or animals.
periphrasis	The substitution of an attributive word or phrase for a proper name, or the use of a proper name to suggest a personality characteristic.	Ex 1. "He was no Romeo; but then again, she was no Juliet." Ex 2. "...I stared at it, like Kant at his church steeple..." (Fitzgerald 93).
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
persona	The character that a writer or speaker conveys to the audience; the plural is personae.	Ex. In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a persona.
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Onomatopoeia	words that create sounds	Ex. bang, buzz, boom, clang
parable	A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.	Ex. Ignacy Krasicki's "The Blind Man and the Lame."
paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless.	Ex. "Not having a fashion is a fashion."
paronomasia	To call with a slight change of name; a play on words.	Ex. "Independence is what a boy wants from his father when he wants to be let a loan."
pathos	The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience.	Ex. "...Helped feed a wave of national breast-beating over the unfairness of the juvenile justice system" (Taylor 1).
Pathetic fallacy	attributing human emotion or responses to nature, inanimate objects, or animals.
periphrasis	The substitution of an attributive word or phrase for a proper name, or the use of a proper name to suggest a personality characteristic.	Ex 1. "He was no Romeo; but then again, she was no Juliet." Ex 2. "...I stared at it, like Kant at his church steeple..." (Fitzgerald 93).
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
persona	The character that a writer or speaker conveys to the audience; the plural is personae.	Ex. In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a persona.
personification	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The fall season has been personified as "sitting on a granary floor" (Keats).
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Onomatopoeia	words that create sounds	Ex. bang, buzz, boom, clang
parable	A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.	Ex. Ignacy Krasicki's "The Blind Man and the Lame."
paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless.	Ex. "Not having a fashion is a fashion."
paronomasia	To call with a slight change of name; a play on words.	Ex. "Independence is what a boy wants from his father when he wants to be let a loan."
pathos	The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience.	Ex. "...Helped feed a wave of national breast-beating over the unfairness of the juvenile justice system" (Taylor 1).
Pathetic fallacy	attributing human emotion or responses to nature, inanimate objects, or animals.
periphrasis	The substitution of an attributive word or phrase for a proper name, or the use of a proper name to suggest a personality characteristic.	Ex 1. "He was no Romeo; but then again, she was no Juliet." Ex 2. "...I stared at it, like Kant at his church steeple..." (Fitzgerald 93).
Parable	short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson
persona	The character that a writer or speaker conveys to the audience; the plural is personae.	Ex. In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a persona.
personification	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The fall season has been personified as "sitting on a granary floor" (Keats).
persuasion	The changing of people's minds or actions by language.	Ex. Protect the environment, for it is what the lives of your children and the future of the world will depend on.
narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	Ex. "A good man, gray on the edges, an assistant manager in a brown starched and ironed unifomr, is washing the glass windows of the store... Good night, m'ijo! he tells a young boy coming out after playing the video game..." (Dagoberto Gilb)
omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	Ex. Our Town by Thornton Wilder
Onomatopoeia	words that create sounds	Ex. bang, buzz, boom, clang
parable	A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.	Ex. Ignacy Krasicki's "The Blind Man and the Lame."
paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless.	Ex. "Not having a fashion is a fashion."
paronomasia	To call with a slight change of name; a play on words.	Ex. "Independence is what a boy wants from his father when he wants to be let a loan."
pathos	The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience.	Ex. "...Helped feed a wave of national breast-beating over the unfairness of the juvenile justice system" (Taylor 1).
Pathetic fallacy	attributing human emotion or responses to nature, inanimate objects, or animals.
periphrasis	The substitution of an attributive word or phrase for a proper name, or the use of a proper name to suggest a personality characteristic.	Ex 1. "He was no Romeo; but then again, she was no Juliet." Ex 2. "...I stared at it, like Kant at his church steeple..." (Fitzgerald 93).
petitio principi	Begging of the question; disagreeing with premises or reasoning.	Ex. "The bible says god exists and the bible must be right since it is the revealed word of god, so god exists."
plot	Arrangement of events in a story.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, Joe and his family meet up, go to California, search for jobs, and live in various camps. In the end, the only benefit they gain is unity.
plot	Arrangement of events in a story.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, Joe and his family meet up, go to California, search for jobs, and live in various camps. In the end, the only benefit they gain is unity.
plot devices	Elements of plot that operate to cause or resolve conflicts and to provide information.	Ex. Foreshadowing
plot	Arrangement of events in a story.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, Joe and his family meet up, go to California, search for jobs, and live in various camps. In the end, the only benefit they gain is unity.
plot devices	Elements of plot that operate to cause or resolve conflicts and to provide information.	Ex. Foreshadowing
poem	Louise Rosenblatt's term for the interpretive moment when reader and text connect.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, this occurs when Steinbeck first describes the surrounding setting with figurative language.
plot	Arrangement of events in a story.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, Joe and his family meet up, go to California, search for jobs, and live in various camps. In the end, the only benefit they gain is unity.
plot devices	Elements of plot that operate to cause or resolve conflicts and to provide information.	Ex. Foreshadowing
poem	Louise Rosenblatt's term for the interpretive moment when reader and text connect.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, this occurs when Steinbeck first describes the surrounding setting with figurative language.
polyptoton	Repetition of words derived from the same root.	Ex. Repeating words like "strong," "skillful," and "strength."
plot	Arrangement of events in a story.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, Joe and his family meet up, go to California, search for jobs, and live in various camps. In the end, the only benefit they gain is unity.
plot devices	Elements of plot that operate to cause or resolve conflicts and to provide information.	Ex. Foreshadowing
poem	Louise Rosenblatt's term for the interpretive moment when reader and text connect.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, this occurs when Steinbeck first describes the surrounding setting with figurative language.
polyptoton	Repetition of words derived from the same root.	Ex. Repeating words like "strong," "skillful," and "strength."
polysyndeton	Repetition of conjunctions in close succession.	Ex. "We have ships and men and money and stores."
plot	Arrangement of events in a story.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, Joe and his family meet up, go to California, search for jobs, and live in various camps. In the end, the only benefit they gain is unity.
plot devices	Elements of plot that operate to cause or resolve conflicts and to provide information.	Ex. Foreshadowing
poem	Louise Rosenblatt's term for the interpretive moment when reader and text connect.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, this occurs when Steinbeck first describes the surrounding setting with figurative language.
polyptoton	Repetition of words derived from the same root.	Ex. Repeating words like "strong," "skillful," and "strength."
polysyndeton	Repetition of conjunctions in close succession.	Ex. "We have ships and men and money and stores."
premise, major	The first premise in a syllogism. The _____ _______ states an irrefutable generalization.	Ex. All men are mortal.
plot	Arrangement of events in a story.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, Joe and his family meet up, go to California, search for jobs, and live in various camps. In the end, the only benefit they gain is unity.
plot devices	Elements of plot that operate to cause or resolve conflicts and to provide information.	Ex. Foreshadowing
poem	Louise Rosenblatt's term for the interpretive moment when reader and text connect.	Ex. In The Grapes of Wrath, this occurs when Steinbeck first describes the surrounding setting with figurative language.
polyptoton	Repetition of words derived from the same root.	Ex. Repeating words like "strong," "skillful," and "strength."
polysyndeton	Repetition of conjunctions in close succession.	Ex. "We have ships and men and money and stores."
premise, major	The first premise in a syllogism. The _____ _______ states an irrefutable generalization.	Ex. All men are mortal.
premise, minor	The second premise in a syllogism. The _____ _______ offers a particular instance of generalization stated in the _____ _______.	Ex. Some philosophers are men.
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
romance language	A language that is derived from Latin.	Ex. French, Italian
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
romance language	A language that is derived from Latin.	Ex. French, Italian
round character	A figure with complexity in action and personality.	Ex. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby.
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
romance language	A language that is derived from Latin.	Ex. French, Italian
round character	A figure with complexity in action and personality.	Ex. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby.
sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony.	Ex. "That's so funny I forgot to laugh!"
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
romance language	A language that is derived from Latin.	Ex. French, Italian
round character	A figure with complexity in action and personality.	Ex. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby.
sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony.	Ex. "That's so funny I forgot to laugh!"
slang	Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal occasions and text.	Ex. "This is sick."
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
romance language	A language that is derived from Latin.	Ex. French, Italian
round character	A figure with complexity in action and personality.	Ex. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby.
sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony.	Ex. "That's so funny I forgot to laugh!"
slang	Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal occasions and text.	Ex. "This is sick."
soliloquy	Dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself.	Ex. "To be or not to be, that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles / And by opposing end them" (Shakespeare).
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
romance language	A language that is derived from Latin.	Ex. French, Italian
round character	A figure with complexity in action and personality.	Ex. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby.
sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony.	Ex. "That's so funny I forgot to laugh!"
slang	Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal occasions and text.	Ex. "This is sick."
soliloquy	Dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself.	Ex. "To be or not to be, that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles / And by opposing end them" (Shakespeare).
speaker	The person delivering a speech, or the character assumed to be speaking in a poem.	Ex. Franklin D. Roosevelt
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
romance language	A language that is derived from Latin.	Ex. French, Italian
round character	A figure with complexity in action and personality.	Ex. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby.
sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony.	Ex. "That's so funny I forgot to laugh!"
slang	Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal occasions and text.	Ex. "This is sick."
soliloquy	Dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself.	Ex. "To be or not to be, that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles / And by opposing end them" (Shakespeare).
speaker	The person delivering a speech, or the character assumed to be speaking in a poem.	Ex. Franklin D. Roosevelt
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
static character	A figure who remains the same from the beginning to the end of a narrative.	Ex. Nick Carraway is essentially a static character in The Great Gatsby.
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
romance language	A language that is derived from Latin.	Ex. French, Italian
round character	A figure with complexity in action and personality.	Ex. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby.
sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony.	Ex. "That's so funny I forgot to laugh!"
slang	Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal occasions and text.	Ex. "This is sick."
soliloquy	Dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself.	Ex. "To be or not to be, that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles / And by opposing end them" (Shakespeare).
speaker	The person delivering a speech, or the character assumed to be speaking in a poem.	Ex. Franklin D. Roosevelt
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
static character	A figure who remains the same from the beginning to the end of a narrative.	Ex. Nick Carraway is essentially a static character in The Great Gatsby.
style	The choices that writers or speakers make in language for effect.	Ex. Part of John Steinbeck's style is to focus on the setting in novels like The Grapes of Wrath.
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
romance language	A language that is derived from Latin.	Ex. French, Italian
round character	A figure with complexity in action and personality.	Ex. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby.
sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony.	Ex. "That's so funny I forgot to laugh!"
slang	Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal occasions and text.	Ex. "This is sick."
soliloquy	Dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself.	Ex. "To be or not to be, that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles / And by opposing end them" (Shakespeare).
speaker	The person delivering a speech, or the character assumed to be speaking in a poem.	Ex. Franklin D. Roosevelt
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
static character	A figure who remains the same from the beginning to the end of a narrative.	Ex. Nick Carraway is essentially a static character in The Great Gatsby.
style	The choices that writers or speakers make in language for effect.	Ex. Part of John Steinbeck's style is to focus on the setting in novels like The Grapes of Wrath.
subject	One of the points on the Aristotelian or rhetorical triangle; the subject matter a writer or speaker is writing or speaking about.	Ex. John Steinbeck was writing about the Dust Bowl in The Grapes of Wrath.
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax
prosopopoeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	Ex. The window winked at me.
rhetorical question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	Ex. "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).
rhetorical intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby has rhetorical intention.
rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose.	Ex. Before drafting my research paper, I had to analyze my purpose and how much background information to provide for my audience.
rhetorical triangle	A diagram showing the relations or writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
romance language	A language that is derived from Latin.	Ex. French, Italian
round character	A figure with complexity in action and personality.	Ex. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby.
sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony.	Ex. "That's so funny I forgot to laugh!"
slang	Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal occasions and text.	Ex. "This is sick."
soliloquy	Dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself.	Ex. "To be or not to be, that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles / And by opposing end them" (Shakespeare).
speaker	The person delivering a speech, or the character assumed to be speaking in a poem.	Ex. Franklin D. Roosevelt
pun	A play on words. Types of ____ include anataclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifies.	Ex. "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."
static character	A figure who remains the same from the beginning to the end of a narrative.	Ex. Nick Carraway is essentially a static character in The Great Gatsby.
style	The choices that writers or speakers make in language for effect.	Ex. Part of John Steinbeck's style is to focus on the setting in novels like The Grapes of Wrath.
subject	One of the points on the Aristotelian or rhetorical triangle; the subject matter a writer or speaker is writing or speaking about.	Ex. John Steinbeck was writing about the Dust Bowl in The Grapes of Wrath.
subordinate clause	A group of words that includes a subject and verb but that cannot stand on its own as a sentence; also called a dependent clause.	Ex. After the dog slept, the dog ran.
purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text. Also called aim and intention. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the speaker or writer uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	Ex. In Pride, Dagoberto Gilb's aim is to define pride and what it means to him.
reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.
recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process or writing.	Ex. In writing my research paper, I invent material and revise previously invented material.
refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	Ex. Julius Caesar used this method in his speeches to better argue his point.
reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is a reliable narrator, though somewhat secretive.
repetition	In a text, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	Ex 1. The dog ran, the dog jumped, and the dog whimpered. Ex 2. "'Hot!' said the conductor to familiar face. 'Some Weather! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Hot! ... Is it hot enough...'"
rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	Ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald is the rhetor in The Great Gatsby.
rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	Ex. Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax