A&p Lecture Test (Final)

Front 1

The brain is protected by three connective tissue membranes called the

Back 1

meninges

Front 2

brain is protected by three connective tissue membranes

Back 2

superficial to deep they are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Front 3

Each cerebral hemisphere contains five lobes. The

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frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes are visible superficially

Front 4

The insula is not visible superficially, and is hidden deep in the

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lateral sulcus

Front 5

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to monitor

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brain waves

Front 6

There are four types of brain waves

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alpha, beta, theta, and delta, distinguished by differences in amplitude and frequency

Front 7

A predominance of delta waves in awake adults indicates

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serious brain damage.

Front 8

Lesions to the parietal lobe can cause people to become unaware

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of objects, or even their own limbs on the other side of the body.

Front 9

contralateral neglect syndrome

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people become unaware of objects, even their own limbs, on the other side of the body

Front 10

devastating to the qualities we think of as personality

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Frontal lobe lesions

Front 11

affects only declarative memory, not procedural memory

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Amnesia

Front 12

the patient is unable to store new information and establish new memories

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anterograde amnesia

Front 13

the patient is unable to recall things they knew before the injury

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retrograde amnesia

Front 14

The multimodal association area for the sense of taste and smell is the

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orbitofrontal cortex

Front 15

the “gateway to the cerebral cortex.”

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thalamus

Front 16

Nearly all input to the cerebrum passes by way of

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synapses in the thalamus

Front 17

Of the two cerebral hemispheres neither is dominant but each is specialized for certain tasks

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cerebral lateralization

Front 18

Cerebral lateralization is highly correlated with handedness

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The left hemisphere is the categorical one in 96% of right-handed people

Front 19

affects only declarative memory, not procedural memory

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Amnesia

Front 20

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a visceral motor system that controls

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cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Front 21

the patient is unable to store new information and establish new memories

Back 21

anterograde amnesia

Front 22

autonomic pathways, the signal must travel across two neurons

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to get to the target organ, and it must cross a synapse where these two neurons meet in an autonomic ganglion

Front 23

the patient is unable to recall things they knew before the injury

Back 23

retrograde amnesia

Front 24

The multimodal association area for the sense of taste and smell is the

Back 24

orbitofrontal cortex

Front 25

the “gateway to the cerebral cortex.”

Back 25

thalamus

Front 26

Nearly all input to the cerebrum passes by way of

Back 26

synapses in the thalamus

Front 27

Of the two cerebral hemispheres neither is dominant but each is specialized for certain tasks

Back 27

cerebral lateralization

Front 28

Cerebral lateralization is highly correlated with handedness

Back 28

The left hemisphere is the categorical one in 96% of right-handed people

Front 29

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a visceral motor system that controls

Back 29

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Front 30

autonomic pathways, the signal must travel across two neurons

Back 30

to get to the target organ, and it must cross a synapse where these two neurons meet in an autonomic ganglion

Front 31

The first neuron of the autonomic pathways

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preganglionic neuron

Front 32

The second neuron of the autonomic pathways

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postganglionic

Front 33

Preganglionic fibers of the ANS are

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myelinated

Front 34

postganglionic fibers of the ANS are

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unmyelinated

Front 35

The major control center of the ANS is the

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hypothalamus

Front 36

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions both exhibit a background rate of activity called

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autonomic tone

Front 37

sympathetic tone keeps the blood vessels in a partial state

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of constriction thus maintaining blood pressure

Front 38

Parasympathetic tone holds

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the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.

Front 39

sympathetic division

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prepares the body for physical activity, increasing alertness, heart rate, and blood pressure, but inhibiting digestion

Front 40

The sympathetic division is also called

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thoracolumbar division because it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Front 41

The preganglionic neurosomas of the sympathetic division are located

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in the lateral horns and nearby regions of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Front 42

secretes a mixture of hormones into the bloodstream consisting of 85% epinephrine, 15% norepinephrine, and trace amounts of dopamine. When stimulated,

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the adrenal medulla

Front 43

The parasympathetic division is also called the

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craniosacral division

Front 44

Parasympathetic fibers are carried in four of the cranial nerves

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vagus (X), oculomotor (III), facial (VII), and glossopharyngeal (IX)

Front 45

The parasympathetic division has long

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preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers

Front 46

Neurons of the ANS secrete either

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acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE)

Front 47

ACh is secreted by the preganglionic neurons in both divisions, and the postganglionic neurons of

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the parasympathetic division

Front 48

NE is secreted by nearly all

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sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Front 49

Nerve fibers that secrete ACh are called

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cholinergic fibers

Front 50

Receptors that bind ACh are called

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cholinergic receptors

Front 51

There are two categories of cholinergic receptors,

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muscarinic and nicotinic

Front 52

All cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland cells that receive cholinergic innervation have

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muscarinic receptors

Front 53

Nicotinic receptors are found in the neuromuscular junction

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of skeletal muscle fibers

Front 54

the autonomic ganglia where the preganglionic neurons stimulate

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the postganglionic cells and the cells of the adrenal medulla

Front 55

The binding of ACh to nicotinic receptors is always

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excitatory

Front 56

Nerve fibers that secrete NE are called

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adrenergic fibers

Front 57

Receptors that bind NE are called

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adrenergic receptors

Front 58

The digestive tract has a nervous system of its own called the

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enteric nervous system

Front 59

Thermoreceptors

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respond to heat and cold

Front 60

photoreceptors

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respond to light

Front 61

nociceptors

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respond to pain

Front 62

mechanoreceptors

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respond to physical deformation of a cell or tissue

Front 63

Nociceptors are found in virtually all of the viscera except

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the brain

Front 64

Injured tissues release chemicals that stimulate the

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nociceptors and trigger pain

Front 65

is the most potent pain stimulus known

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Bradykinin

Front 66

The endogenous opioids

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internally produced opium-like substances)

Front 67

include the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins

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The endogenous opioids

Front 68

The tongue exhibits surface protrusions called

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lingual papillae

Front 69

are the largest, arranged in a ‘V’ at the rear of the tongue, and contain up to half of all taste buds

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Vallate (circumvallate) papillae

Front 70

What we commonly call the ‘eardrum’ is anatomically known as the

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tympanic membrane

Front 71

include the malleus, incus, and stapes

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The auditory ossicles

Front 72

The organ of hearing is the

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cochlea

Front 73

detect only angular acceleration

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The semicircular ducts

Front 74

is a transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and anterior surface of the eyeball, except for the cornea. It is highly vascular and appears “bloodshot” when its vessels are dilated.

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The conjunctiva

Front 75

is a state of elevated pressure within the eye resulting from obstruction of the scleral venous sinus

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Glaucoma

Front 76

is a serous fluid secreted by the ciliary body

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The aqueous humor

Front 77

The aqueous humor is a serous fluid secreted by

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the ciliary body

Front 78

The optical components of the eye are transparent elements that admit light rays, bend (refract) them, and focus images on the retina

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They include the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous body.

Front 79

The photopupillary reflex,

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which results in constriction of both pupils, is mediated by a parasympathetic reflex arc

Front 80

requires convergence of the eyes, constriction of the pupil, and accommodation of the lens to focus an image on the retina

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The near response, or adjustment to close-range vision

Front 81

are responsible for night (scotopic) vision and produce images only in shades of gray

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Rods

Front 82

are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision.

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Cones

Front 83

the eyeball is too short

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hyperopia (farsightedness)

Front 84

the eyeball is too long

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myopia (nearsightedness)