A&p Lecture Test 1

Front 1

Normally, what is the reason for seeing folds such as tissues on the body?

Back 1

To increase SA, which increases cell volume, which means more functions it can do

Front 2

Cytology:

Back 2

study of cells

Front 3

Histology:

Back 3

study of tissues

Front 4

Pico/Femto

Back 4

Pico: 10^12, Femto:10^-15

Front 5

Gross anatomy:

Back 5

study of structures visible to unaided eye

Front 6

Surface anatomy:

Back 6

refers to general form, morphology and superficial anatomical markings

Front 7

Regional anatomy:

Back 7

considers all structures in specific areas of the body, whether superficial or deep

Front 8

developmental anatomy:

Back 8

structures that change over time

Front 9

Embryology:

Back 9

Study of the first two months of development

Front 10

comparative anatomy:

Back 10

considers all different types of animals

Front 11

clinical anatomy:

Back 11

focuses on pathological changes during illness

Front 12

systematic anatomy:

Back 12

study of one organ system at a time

Front 13

surgical anatomy:

Back 13

studies anatomical landmarks for surgical procedures

Front 14

radiogragph anatomy:

Back 14

involves study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays, ultrasound, etc.

Front 15

Major classes of compounds that make up body

Back 15

67%water, 20% proteins, 10% lipids, 3% nucleic acids

Front 16

4 elements that make up 99% of the body

Back 16

H, O, C, and N

Front 17

Levels of organization

Back 17

Cells: smallest living units
Tissues: many cells surrounding material
Organs: combination of tissues
Organ systems: organs combine gto form these

Front 18

Brief definiation of respiration

Back 18

is absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells

Front 19

Lymphoid system:

Back 19

defense against infection and disease

Front 20

respiratory system:

Back 20

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

Front 21

Urinary system:

Back 21

elimination of excess water, salts, waste products, and control pH

Front 22

Reproductive system:

Back 22

production of sex cells and hormones

Front 23

Integumentary system:

Back 23

protection from environmental hazards, temperature control

Front 24

Skeletel system:

Back 24

support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, blood formation

Front 25

muscular system:

Back 25

locomotion, support, heal, production

Front 26

nervous system:

Back 26

directing immediate response to stimuli, usually bo coordinating the activites of other organ systems

Front 27

endocrine system:

Back 27

directing long-term schanges in activites of other organ systems

Front 28

cardiovascular system:

Back 28

internal transport of cells and dissolved material, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

Front 29

Supine
Prone
Medial

Back 29

Supine: face up
Prone: face down
Medial: closest towards middle of chest

Front 30

Umbilical region:

Back 30

center of stomach

Front 31

Above belly button:

Back 31

epigastric region

Front 32

Below umbilical:

Back 32

hypogastric region

Front 33

Looking with the human, right of epigastric:

Back 33

Right hypochondriac region

Front 34

Looking with the human, left of epigastric

Back 34

Left of epigastric region

Front 35

Looking with the human, right of umbilical:

Back 35

right lumbar region

Front 36

Looking with the human, left of the umilical

Back 36

left lumbar region

Front 37

Looking with the human, right of hypogastric region

Back 37

right inguinal region

Front 38

Looking with the human, left of hypogastric region

Back 38

Left inguinal region

Front 39

Anterior:
Posterior:
Inferior:
Superior:

Back 39

Anterior: towards front
Posterior: towards back
Inferior: bottom
Superior: top

Front 40

Cranial:
Caudal:

Back 40

Cranial: toward head
Caudal: toward back(tail)

Front 41

Proximal:
Distal:

Back 41

Proximal: moving closer
Distal: moving away

Front 42

Medial:
Lateral:

Back 42

Medial: moving toward midline
Lateral: moving away from midline

Front 43

Saggital plane:
Coronal plane:
Transverse plane:

Back 43

Saggital: cut down the middle from head in 2 equal parts.
Coronal: exact opposite of saggital, no equal halves, perpendicular to saggital
Transverse: cut them right in half at the waste

Front 44

Four major functions of cell membrane

Back 44

physical isolation, regulation of exhange with environment, sensitivity, and structural support

Front 45

Define equilibrium

Back 45

When all acting influences or forces are in balance

Front 46

Define homeostasis

Back 46

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment, such as a thermostat

Front 47

How is body temperature regulated by homeostasis if body temp rises

Back 47

Body temp-->body temp rises-->nervous system signals dermal vessels to dilate and sweat glands to secrete-->body heat is lost to its surroundings-->body temp drops toward normal

Front 48

How is body temperature regulated by homeostasis if body temp lowers

Back 48

Body temp drops-->nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to constrict and sweat glands to remain inactive-->if body temp continues to drop, then nervous system signals muscles to contract involuntarily-->either body heat is conserved OR muscle activity generates body heat--> body temp rises to nromal

Front 49

What diffuses and does not diffuse through plasmalemma

Back 49

Large molecules(lipids) cannot cross plasmalemma unless they are transported by a carrier mechanism. Small water-soluble molecules and ions diffuse thru plasmalemma channels

Front 50

Define osmosis:

Back 50

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 51

If you have 1% on left, 10% on right, where will water move

Back 51

Water will move from 1% to 10% to dilute the 10% for equal amounts of salt concentration

Front 52

Isotonic:
Hypotonic:
Hypertoinc:

Back 52

Isotonic: equal in concentration
Hypotonic: lower concentration(distilled water)
Hypertonic: higher in concentration(sea water)

Front 53

If you put a red blood cell in left container with distilled water, what happens to the cell

Back 53

The cell(0.85%) is going to get bigger until the concentration inside the cell is equal to outside of the cell or it might burst

Front 54

If you put a red blood cell in sea water what happens?

Back 54

Cell shrinks

Front 55

Facilitated diffusion:

Back 55

cant pass thru phospholipid bilayer, so they need something to facilitate them through

Front 56

Active transport:

Back 56

Going from high to low concentration(against conc gradient). Requires ATP and uses enzymes and carrier proteins. (Na,Ca,Mg,K)

Front 57

Active transport can bring in large amounts of water with ?

Back 57

Pinocytosis

Front 58

Exchange pump:

Back 58

Ion pump that moves two ions simultaneously in opposite directions

Front 59

phagocytosis: active transport

Back 59

Phagocytosis makes a phogocytic pocket called psuedopodium that grab bacterium that fuse together to make a phagosome. Phagosome fuses with a lysosome that degrade the cell membrane of the bacterium which then goes to a secondary lysosome and exits with exocytosis

Front 60

Co-transport:

Back 60

Symport: S1 and S2 go in
Antiport: S1 and S2 go out
Uniport: just S1 in
Proton pump: bring H's in

Front 61

Ion pumps in general

Back 61

Use active transport, more negative inside and more positive outside. Uses ATP which pumps 2K+ in, and 3Na+ out

Front 62

Atoms

Back 62

Elements that compose the body. H60%, O26%, C10% all others are less than 1% such as Na, K, Ca, Cl, Mg, P, I, S, Fe

Front 63

Atoms: Macromolecules

Back 63

Are many molecules linked together also called polymers

Front 64

Macromolecules: organic molecules

Back 64

Must have C, H (proteins, fats, carbs)

Front 65

Macromolecules: inorganic

Back 65

Lack C or H and include CO2, O2, H2O and ions

Front 66

Proteins:

Back 66

17% of body and are composed of many amino acids linked together (Amino, Hydrogen, Carboxyl, and R group)

Front 67

Structure of proteins

Back 67

Primary: sequence of amion acids
Second: a helix, B pleated sheets
Tertiary: buncha spirals
Quaterny: fibrous proteins(collagen) and globular proteins(hemoglobin)

Front 68

Two important factors of enzymatic reactions

Back 68

Temperature: increase temp=increase rate. They also alter shape of active site
pH: 1/log[H+], if your H+ conc is 10, pH is 0.5. If it was 100, you're pH would be 1. Blood pH=7.4

Front 69

Lipids

Back 69

Make up 15% of body weight and made up of C, H's and some O

Front 70

Saturated:
Monosaturated:
Polyunsaturated:

Back 70

Saturated: no dbl C-C bonds
Monosaturated: 1 dbl C-C bond
Polyunsaturated: 2 or more dbl C-C bonds

Front 71

Triglycerides:

Back 71

Is the majority of the lipids and is generally called a fat(3 fatty acid chains hooked to glycerol)

Front 72

Triglycerides: phospholipids

Back 72

heads are made up of choline, phosphate hooked to glyercol backbone with 2 fatty acid chains

Front 73

Triglycerides: steroids

Back 73

cholesterol, estradiol, cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone

Front 74

Carbohydrates:

Back 74

source of energy and is 1% of body weight (CHO)

Front 75

Glycogen:

Back 75

glucose put together which forms glycogen which is the storage form of glucose

Front 76

Difference between respiration in the lungs and cellular respiration

Back 76

Cellular respiration is creating energy(production of ATP) while using oxygen in the mitochondria of the cell. In the lungs it's the exchange of oxygen for CO2

Front 77

Oxygen and CO2 with regards to capillary beds

Back 77

More Oxygen in capillary bed than out. Less CO2 in capillary than out

Front 78

what are the folds of the mitochondria called

Back 78

Cristae, which form the mitochondrial matrix

Front 79

What are cytochromes

Back 79

Enzymes for e- transport

Front 80

Glycolysis:

Back 80

Anaerobic, occurs in cytoplasm. Start with glucose(6C), and in the process of cellular respiration you break bonds which release energy that can be harnessed to form new bonds. 40% of bond breaking can be used to form H-Pbonds(ADP-->ATP). 60% is given off as heat. Two glucose bonds are broken. From 1 glucose you end up with 2 pyruvate molecules which have 3 carbons.

Front 81

Cofactors of glycolysis

Back 81

FAD+, NAD+

Front 82

What do you get out of glycolysis?

Back 82

2ATP, 2NADH2

Front 83

Transition reaction

Back 83

Aerobic. Goes into mitochondria and gets converted into 2-acetyl-CoA then goes thru the krebs

Front 84

What do you get out of the transition step

Back 84

2NADH2 and CO2

Front 85

Krebs cycle:

Back 85

Start out with acetyl-CoA which goes thru krebs.

Front 86

What do u get out of Krebs cycle

Back 86

2ATP, 6NADH2, 2FADH2, 4CO2

Front 87

What produces the CO2's in the krebs cycle

Back 87

In the transition state, a carbon gets pulled off and in krebs cycle, which produces the CO2's

Front 88

Electron transport chain

Back 88

Aerobic. H's are given up from NAD+/FAD+ and they bond to O2 to make H2O

Front 89

End products of cellular respiratoin

Back 89

H2O, CO2

Front 90

Products of cellular respiration are

Back 90

CO2, H2O, ATP, NAD+&FAD+, and heat

Front 91

What do epithelial cells provide for us

Back 91

Cover exposed surfaces of tissues. Line internal passageways and chambers. Product glandular secretions. Are a sheet of cells that provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, and produce secretions

Front 92

What ARE epithelial cells

Back 92

Microvilli, sterocelila, cilitated epithelium which maintain the integrity of the epithelium by intercellular connections, attachment to basal lamina(lamina lucida/lamina densa) and epithelial maintenace and renewal is self-perpetuated

Front 93

Classification of epithelia

Back 93

Simple: epithelium only has one layer of cells
stratified: epitheium has several layers of cells
Squamous: epithelia is a thinf lat cell
Cuboid: epithelia height equal to their width
Transitional: epithelial changes over time
Columnar: epithelia height is only 3-4 times their width

Front 94

Superficial fascia:

Back 94

Hypodermis. between skins and underlying organs. Areolar tissue and adipose tissue.

Front 95

Deep fascia

Back 95

Forms strong, fibrous internal framework. Dense connective tissue. Bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments

Front 96

Subserous fascia

Back 96

Between serous membranes and deep fascia, areolar tissue

Front 97

Membranous organelles

Back 97

Mitochondria, nucleous, ER, golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes

Front 98

Nonmenbranous organelles

Back 98

Cytoskeleton, microvili, centrioles, cilia, flagella, ribosomes

Front 99

What is plasmalemma made out of?

Back 99

Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbs.

Front 100

Function of ribosome

Back 100

protein synthesis

Front 101

Function of cilia

Back 101

Movement during cell division, organization of microtubules

Front 102

Function of centrosome

Back 102

strength and support, movement of cellular structures and materials

Front 103

Function of microvilli

Back 103

Movement of materials over cell surface

Front 104

function of cytoskeleton

Back 104

Increase SA to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

Front 105

Function of cytosol

Back 105

Distributes materials by diffusion, stores glycogen, and pigments

Front 106

Function of peroxisome:

Back 106

catabolism of fats

Front 107

Function of lysoome:

Back 107

intracellular removal of damaged organelles

Front 108

Function of golgi:

Back 108

Storage, alteration, and packing of secretory products

Front 109

Function of ER:

Back 109

Synthesis of secretory products, intracellular storage and transport. Lipid, steroid, carb synthesis, Ca ion storage

Front 110

Function of nucleus

Back 110

rRNA synthesis, control metabolism

Front 111

What are ribosomes made out of

Back 111

60% RNA, 40% protein

Front 112

What does connective tissue do

Back 112

Fill internal spaces, provide structural support and store energy

Front 113

What do muscle tissue and neural tissue do

Back 113

Muscle contracts to produce active movement. Neural tissue conducts electrical impulses and carries info

Front 114

Element that is most abundant inside cell

Back 114

K+
Outside: Na, Ca, Mg, Cl
--More negative charge inside cell

Front 115

Explain receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 115

Ligands bind to receptors. An opening occurs with ligands bound to receptors in the outside of the hole. A coated vesicle forms. Primary lysosome fuses and creates secondary lysosome. THen the ligands are removed and then goes back out as a vesicle with no ligands

Front 116

Our only responsibility as a dissector

Back 116

preservation of body to prevent it from becoming to dry

Front 117

Method of dissecting the body

Back 117

regional one

Front 118

Abduction:
Adduction:

Back 118

Ab: Away from midline
Add: toward midline

Front 119

Supination(lateral rotation)
Pronation(medial rotation)

Back 119

Supination: thumb away from body(anatomical position)
Pronation: thumb is moved towards leg

Front 120

Receptor-mediated endocytosis(better explanation)

Back 120

Process by which cells internalize molecules by the inward budding of the plasma membrane vesicles containing p roteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized

Front 121

How receptor-mediated endocytosis happens

Back 121

After binding gof ligand to plasma membrane spanning receptors, signals is sent thru membbrane leading to membrane coating and formation of membrane invagination. Receptor and its ligand are opsonized in clathrin-coated vesicles. They then uncoat and individual vesicles fuse to form an early endosome. The system is saturable and uptake will decline until receptors are recycled to the surface