A&p Lecture Exam 3

Front 1

Plane joints

Back 1

Flat, articular surfaces rubbing together. Back and forth and twisting motions

Hint 1

Intervertebral articular processes, carpals, tarsals, ribs 2-7

Front 2

Saddle joints

Back 2

Two oppositely curved parts together. Two planes of motion (no twisting)

Hint 2

Trapezium and first metacarpal of thumb, sternum and clavicle

Front 3

Hinge joint

Back 3

Cylinder in trough. Single plane of motion

Hint 3

Elbow, distal knuckles

Front 4

Pivot joint

Back 4

Cylinder in bone (or ligament) ring. Rotation

Hint 4

Axis/Atlas, radius/ulna (proximal)

Front 5

Ball and socket joint

Back 5

Head of bone sits inside cup. Wide range of motion, many planes, rotation

Hint 5

Shoulder, hip

Front 6

Ellipsoid joint

Back 6

Shallow (oblong) ball and socket. Two planes of motion, no rotation

Hint 6

Proximal knuckles, skull and Atlas.

Front 7

Synarthrotic joint

Back 7

No movement

Front 8

Amphiarthrotic joint

Back 8

Some movement

Front 9

Diarthrotic joint

Back 9

Lots of movement

Front 10

Fibrous joints

Back 10

Ligaments, sutures, etc

Hint 10

Classification of joint

Front 11

Cartilaginous

Back 11

Cartilage

Hint 11

Classification of joint

Front 12

Synovial

Back 12

Synovial membrane

Hint 12

Classification of joint

Front 13

Suture

Back 13

Holds together flat bones of skull, interlocking, synarthrotic, become synotosis in adults

Front 14

Syndesmosis

Back 14

Longer ligaments, wider range of motion, amphiarthrotic.

Front 15

Synchondrosis

Back 15

Bones held together by hyaline cartilage, synarthrotic, epiphyseal plates, usually temporary, fused bone

Hint 15

First rib and sternum

Front 16

Gomphosis

Back 16

Alveolar socket, periodontal ligaments, synarthrotic

Front 17

Symphysis

Back 17

Fibrocartilage pad, provides cushioning, synarthrotic or diarthrotic

Hint 17

Symphysis pubis, intervertebral joints

Front 18

Synovial

Back 18

Articular cartilage, joint capsule surrounds joint forming joint cavity

Front 19

Bursa

Back 19

Extension of synovial joints, prevents rubbing

Hint 19

Think knees and elbows

Front 20

Shoulder joint

Back 20

Ball= head of humerus. Socket=glenoid cavity

Front 21

Glenoid labrum

Back 21

Fibrocartilage outside glenoid cavity. Makes socket deeper and more stable

Hint 21

Shoulder

Front 22

Joint capsule of shoulder

Back 22

Edges of glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of humerus, very loose, easily to dislocate

Front 23

Rotator cuff

Back 23

Tendons from shoulder muscles, holds humerus in place

Hint 23

Shoulder

Front 24

Coracohumeral ligament

Back 24

Coracoid of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus

Hint 24

Shoulder ligament

Front 25

Glenohumeral

Back 25

Glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of humerus

Hint 25

Shoulder ligament

Front 26

Transverse humeral

Back 26

Greater tubercle of humerus to lesser tubercle of humerus

Hint 26

Shoulder ligament

Front 27

Retinaculum

Back 27

Space made from transverse humeral ligament. Tendon from bicep sits in this space

Front 28

Elbow hinge

Back 28

Cylinder=trochlea of humerus. Trough=trochlear notch of ulna

Front 29

Elbow plane

Back 29

Capitulum of humerus and head of radius (gliding)

Front 30

Elbow pivot

Back 30

Head of radius in radial notch of ulna, radial annular ligament around head

Front 31

Ulnar collateral ligament

Back 31

Ulna and humerus on medial side

Hint 31

Elbow ligament

Front 32

Radial collateral ligament

Back 32

Ulna and humerus on lateral side

Hint 32

Elbow ligament

Front 33

Hip joint

Back 33

Ball=head of femur socket=acetabulum

Front 34

Acetabular labrum

Back 34

Fibrocartilage, makes socket deeper and more stable

Hint 34

Hip

Front 35

Joint capsule

Back 35

Edges of acetabulum to base of neck of femur

Hint 35

Hip

Front 36

Iliofemoral ligament

Back 36

Iliam of coccal bone to femur (strongest ligament in body)

Hint 36

Hip ligament

Front 37

Ligament teres

Back 37

Head of femur to acetabulum, protects blood vessel that enter femur through fovea capitis (only 80% of people have this blood vessel)

Hint 37

Hip ligament

Front 38

Knee ellipsoid joint

Back 38

2 condyles of femur sit on tibia (functions as hinge)

Hint 38

Unstable

Front 39

Knee plane joint

Back 39

Patella glides over femur

Front 40

Menisci

Back 40

Helps stabilize knee joint

Front 41

Patellar ligament/tendon

Back 41

From quad over patella to tibia

Hint 41

Knee ligament

Front 42

Oblique popliteal ligament

Back 42

Lateral condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia (back of knee). Keeps knee from hyperextending

Hint 42

Knee ligament

Front 43

Arcuate popliteal ligament

Back 43

Under oblique popliteal. Superior portion of joint capsule to fibula (back of knee). Keeps knee from hyperextending

Hint 43

Knee ligament

Front 44

Tibial collateral ligament (MCL)

Back 44

Medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia. Keeps knee going from side to side

Hint 44

Knee ligament

Front 45

Fibular collateral ligament (LCL)

Back 45

Lateral condyle of femur to fibula. Keeps knee from going side to side

Hint 45

Knee ligament

Front 46

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Back 46

Medial side of lateral condyle to anterior margin of tibia. Keeps knee from sliding

Hint 46

Knee ligament

Front 47

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Back 47

Lateral side of medial condyle to posterior margin of tibia. Keeps knee from sliding

Hint 47

Knee ligament

Front 48

Fasciculus or fascicles

Back 48

Groups of muscle cells inside muscle

Front 49

Epimysium

Back 49

Connective tissue surrounds whole muscle

Front 50

Perimysium

Back 50

Connective tissue surrounds each fascicle

Front 51

Endomysium

Back 51

Connective tissue surrounds each muscle fiber

Front 52

Muscle fiber

Back 52

Single cell up to 4cm long, many nuclei, formed from many cells

Front 53

Sarcolemma

Back 53

Cell membrane of muscle fiber

Front 54

Sarcoplasm

Back 54

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

Front 55

Myofibril

Back 55

Make up muscle fibers, made up of protein filaments

Front 56

Myosin

Back 56

Thick filament in myofibril

Front 57

Actin

Back 57

Thin filament of myofibril

Front 58

Sarcomere

Back 58

Unit of contraction, repetitive striated pattern

Front 59

Z disk

Back 59

Defines sarcomere, serves as anchor for filaments within sarcomere

Front 60

I band

Back 60

Centered on z-disk, only actin

Front 61

A band

Back 61

Center of sarcomere, defined by myosin

Front 62

H zone

Back 62

Only myosin, center of sarcomere (inside A band)

Front 63

M line

Back 63

Very center, group of proteins, anchor myosin together

Front 64

Actin

Back 64

Made up of troponin and tropomyosin

Front 65

Myosin

Back 65

Molecules stuck together by M line, 2 heads on a rod

Front 66

Sliding filament model

Back 66

Myosin pulls in actin, pulls z disk together, sarcomere and whole muscle shortens, I band narrows, A band stays same, H zone goes away

Front 67

Motor neuron

Back 67

Carries signals to parts of the body that will do an action

Front 68

Synaptic cleft

Back 68

Space between neuron and muscle

Front 69

Motor end plate (post synaptic membrane)

Back 69

Specialized sarcolemma provides more surface area

Front 70

Muscle impulse

Back 70

When ion crosses membrane, impulse spreads across sarcolemma

Front 71

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 71

Like smooth ER, stores calcium

Front 72

Terminal cisternae

Back 72

Enlarged section of SR, lots of calcium

Front 73

Transverse tubules

Back 73

Hole in sarcolemma, tube goes down in cell. TC on either side. Wrap around myofibril

Front 74

Relaxation

Back 74

Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine in synaptic cleft. Calcium pumps puts calcium back into terminal cisternae, calcium cannot bind to troponin

Front 75

Summation

Back 75

If stimuli come close enough together, muscle does not have to relax fully before contracting again (even stronger)

Front 76

Complete tetanus (tetanic contraction)

Back 76

No relaxation, maximum force

Front 77

Treppe

Back 77

Tiny amounts of relaxation between contractions cause each contraction to be stronger

Front 78

Agonists

Back 78

Muscles contracting in direction of motion

Front 79

Prime mover

Back 79

Provides most force in that direction

Front 80

Synergists

Back 80

Work with prime mover

Front 81

Antagonists

Back 81

Contracting to resist motion

Front 82

Isotonic contractions

Back 82

Equal force, change in length. Concentric- muscle shortens. Eccentric- muscle lengthens

Front 83

Short term contractions

Back 83

2-3 seconds. Energy from ATP

Front 84

Medium term contractions

Back 84

8-10 seconds. Energy from creatine phosphate. ADP + creatine phosphate --> creatine + ATP

Front 85

Long term contractions

Back 85

Energy from breaking down glycogen

Front 86

Hemoglobin

Back 86

Pigment in blood, carries oxygen. Is muscle is contracting, squeezed blood cells so it cannot diffuse

Front 87

Myoglobin

Back 87

Temporarily stores oxygen in muscle cells so you can do aerobic respiration when contracting

Front 88

Psychological fatigue

Back 88

Most common type of muscle fatigue, still can contract

Front 89

Muscular fatigue

Back 89

Muscle cannot contract at same force or at all anymore. Used up all creatine phosphate and ATP, lactate acidifies muscle which affects ability to contract, microdamage/ inflammation in muscle tissue

Front 90

Slow twitch/high oxidative (type I) muscle fibers

Back 90

Small sarcoplasmic reticulum (less calcium, not as many crossbridges), lots of myoglobin and good blood supply, lots of mitochondria, does not fatigue easily, primarily aerobic respiration

Front 91

Fast-twitch- low oxidative (type II) muscle fibers

Back 91

Large sarcoplasmic reticulum (lots of calcium, lots of crossbridges), less myoglobin, reduced blood supply, fewer mitochondria, fatigue easily, primarily anaerobic respiration.